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Ahmed Benbitour «45 partis, c’est du populisme pas de la démocratie» - Algerie360
Avec la pondération et l’appréciation sans complaisance des choses de la vie politique, le Dr Ahmed Benbitour a bien voulu pour les lecteurs du Soir d’Algérie nous livrer son analyse du contexte dans lequel vont se tenir les législatives prochaines. Et bien sûr quel type d’Assemblée va sortir des élections du 10 mai. Le nombre de partis en course ne signifie nullement une vraie compétition électorale démocratique. Elle recèlerait, par contre, des éléments de contradiction qui produiront une Chambre «émiettée», inefficace, qui ne pourra pas jouer son rôle de contrôle de l’exécutif.
Pas de changement après le 10 mai, nous assure-t-il. «Je n’attends pas de changement significatif de la configuration politique actuelle, ni de dynamique nouvelle.» Mais ce n’est pas une raison pour céder au pessimisme, souligne notre interlocuteur.
Le Soir d’Algérie : Le 10 mai, c’est-à-dire dans quelques jours, auront lieu les élections législatives pour le renouvellement de l’Assemblée populaire nationale. D’emblée, pourriez- vous nous dire ce qu’un tel événement vous inspire ?
Ahmed Benbitour : Une opération électorale s’apprécie par rapport à l’électorat, aux partis politiques et à la vie parlementaire. Par rapport à l’électorat, le mode de scrutin ne permet pas à l’électeur de désigner facilement son représentant, puisqu’il vote pour une liste de wilaya. Par rapport aux partis politiques, quelle appréciation pourrait avoir l’électeur quand il a affaire à des dizaines de partis qui n’ont que quelques mois, sinon quelques semaines d’existence ? Il faut faire la différence entre le parti en tant qu’institution et la qualité des personnalités qui y siègent. Une institution a besoin de temps et d’expérience pour fonctionner correctement, même si elle possède des cadres valables. Par rapport à la vie parlementaire, il est de notoriété publique que l’Assemblée ne jouit pas d’une bonne image auprès de la population. C’est dire que les élections législatives ne se dérouleront pas comme l’ont voulu leurs organisateurs.
45 partis politiques prennent part à cette compétition électorale. N’est-ce pas là un signe de pluralisme et d’ouverture démocratique promise dans le cadre des réformes politiques ?
C’est plutôt la volonté d’installer un espace politique divisé jusqu’à l’émiettement. Peut-on raisonnablement parler de partis ? On constate l’existence de deux grands partis ayant des décennies d’expérience ; deux à trois partis de dimension moyenne et deux ou trois partis de dimension petite. Alors, les conditions de compétition politique et de séparation des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif sont réunies ? Avec 45 partis politiques, nous sommes dans le populisme et non dans la démocratie.
Des voix discordantes s’expriment pourtant et veulent bien briser cette apparente unanimité en appelant au boycott. Mais l’on peut douter de l’impact d’un tel appel.
Il est vrai que la gravité de la situation appelle à passer de la polémique à l’action. Mais lorsque la constitutionnalité et la légalité sont bafouées, que restet-il au peuple, autre que le parallèle à l’Etat et la disqualification de tout ce qui émane du pouvoir et de ses satellites ? Le faible taux de participation ne viendra pas de l’appel au boycott, mais de l’aveuglement des tenants du pouvoir face à la complexité de la situation. Et cet aveuglement est la conséquence directe de la fermeture de la porte aux contre-pouvoirs et au contrôle exercé par le système sur la communication politique qui se développe dans la société. Il suffit d’écouter ce qui se dit dans la rue, dans les moyens de transport ou tout autre espace de rencontre publique des gens pour s’en rendre compte.
Les instigateurs du boycott auraient-ils gagné à participer dans une sorte «d’union sacrée», compte tenu de la situation dangereuse aux frontières que vit le pays et du risque d’atteinte à l’intégrité du territoire ?
Il y a, certes, une situation dangereuse aux frontières et le risque d’atteinte à l’intégrité du territoire ; mais je ne vois aucun rapport avec les élections législatives. Faire face à ce danger relève de décisions hautement stratégiques qui sont prises aux niveaux les plus élevés de la hiérarchie de l’Etat, comme le Haut- Conseil de sécurité, ou à un degré moindre, le Conseil des ministres.
Participer à ces élections signifie-t-il forcément faire le jeu du pouvoir ?
J’ai déjà expliqué à une occasion précédente que le système de pouvoir algérien se caractérise par le patrimonialisme. Un tel système considère la société non apte à la question politique, donc manipulable. Mais, grâce au Village Global et la circulation mondiale de l’information, la population est politiquement consciente, politiquement active et politiquement interactive. L’électeur est conscient que lorsqu’il s’adresse à l’urne, c’est pour choisir son représentant dans le pouvoir législatif pour que s’il est dans la majorité, il forme un nouveau gouvernement ; s’il est dans la minorité, il forme une capacité de contrôle et de surveillance du travail de l’exécutif. Qu’en est-il après trois législatures depuis le retour de l’APN ? La Constitution algérienne ne contraint nullement le chef de l’Etat à désigner le gouvernement dans la composante parlementaire et encore moins dans la majorité. C’est là, la grande différence avec les constitutions actuellement en vigueur dans les pays de la région. Chez nous, la formation du gouvernement relève du seul désir du chef de l’Etat et n’obéit à aucune contrainte constitutionnelle. Donc, l’électeur sait a priori que son vote n’a pas d’impact sur la formation du gouvernement. En ce qui concerne le contrôle parlementaire du travail de l’exécutif, après trois législatures, aucun projet de loi n’a été initié par la Chambre, aucune commission de contrôle sur des sujets importants, comme la corruption par exemple, n’a abouti. Les députés continuent de voter les lois de finances sur des prix de pétrole à 19 dollars et à 37 dollars, lorsque les prix affichés sur les marchés dépassent 100 dollars. Reste la motivation subjective, souvent avancée, à savoir choisir son représentant pour qu’il puisse user de son influence locale afin d’aider l’électeur à régler quelques problèmes personnels. Par le système proportionnel, avec circonscription de wilaya, il y a une grande distance (sans jeu de mots) entre l’électeur et l’élu. De plus, l’opinion enracinée dans la population est que l’élu use de cette influence pour régler ses problèmes personnels. En réalité, le scrutin de vote proportionnel au niveau de wilaya encourage plus la corruption pour le positionnement en tête de liste que la représentation des électeurs. Avec le niveau actuel d’efficacité des partis politiques, le pays a plus besoin d’un scrutin uninominal, majoritaire à deux tours avec des circonscriptions électorales plus proches de la commune que de la wilaya.
Les partis anciens et nouveaux développent, à s’y méprendre, dans cette campagne des thèmes identiques (tous appellent à un vote massif ; la spécificité algérienne) et mettent en avant les dangers inhérents au contexte régional. Peut-il y avoir un «deal» entre le pouvoir et ces partis ?
Les missions d’un parti politique sont au nombre de quatre : l’information des citoyens ; la représentation, c’est-à-dire le repérage des candidats aux élections ; la sélection et la formation du personnel politique ; la direction de l’exécutif lorsque le parti est dans la majorité. Ce n’est pas en quelques semaines que ces missions sont remplies. Le «deal» entre le pouvoir et les partis avant les élections est contraire à l’essence même de la démocratie qui est la séparation des pouvoirs. Le «deal» n’a de sens qu’entre les différentes composantes de la Chambre parlementaire.
Le pouvoir ne s’émeut pas apparemment des appels au boycott. C’est plutôt l’abstention qui semble être son cauchemar. Pourquoi cette hantise, selon vous ?
Par les réponses aux questions précédentes, j’ai prouvé qu’il n’y a pas de relations contraignantes pour le pouvoir entre la composante du Parlement et le fonctionnement de l’exécutif. Il n’a donc pas de souci de ce côté. Mais le pouvoir a cru répondre aux événements de 2011 dans le pays et dans la région par des réformes cosmétiques ; la première preuve formelle de la défaillance de ces réformes sera le faible taux de participation. D’où son inquiétude.
Malgré les gros moyens de propagande mis en branle avec la mobilisation des médias lourds (radios, TV, presse écrite publique et certains journaux privés), la rue semble en déconnexion par rapport à l’engouement espéré à ces élections. Quelles analyses en faites-vous ?
Justement, le taux de participation est élevé, lorsque l’électorat est clair, c’est-à-dire lorsqu’il est possible de désigner facilement son représentant ; bien connaître les règles du jeu ; mesurer immédiatement la portée de son vote ; ne pas craindre les combinaisons ; connaître la personnalité de l’élu qui s’occupe de sa circonscription. L’électeur algérien est suffisamment mûr pour se préoccuper de la portée de son geste électoral. Or, le choix du mode de scrutin de la proportionnelle avec circonscription de wilaya est à l’opposé de la clarté de l’électorat. Au contraire, il dépossède l’électeur du choix de son candidat au profit des partis politiques. Mais les partis politiques n’ont qu’une existence légale, loin encore de l’existence de terrain. Quand le pouvoir affaiblit les institutions, il réduit leurs capacités d’étude et d’anticipation. De ce fait, il se prive des instruments qui lui permettraient d’atteindre ses objectifs. On le voit, il garde le système de scrutin qui va à l’encontre de la réalisation de ses objectifs.
Pourtant, le pouvoir donne l’impression qu’il veut jouer à fond la carte d’un scrutin réellement libre mais ses opposants affirment que les jeux sont déjà faits avec des quotas, d’ores et déjà, fixés ?
Le mode de scrutin de la proportionnelle avec une liste de wilaya permet la définition de la configuration de la Chambre avant les élections. Les premiers dans la liste sont assurés de passer. C’est pourquoi il y a la corruption autour de la priorité du placement dans la liste. Il semble que le pouvoir ne veut plus de la majorité de l’Alliance présidentielle qui a prévalu durant les trois précédentes législatures ; il a augmenté démesurément le nombre de partis participants. Mais cela va à l’encontre d’un fort taux de participation. «On ne peut pas avoir le beurre et l’argent du beurre.»
Après le 10 mai, une dynamique nouvelle dans le jeu politique va s’installer. La configuration politique à venir avec l’arrivée en force des islamistes pourrait-elle favoriser une sortie de crise ou, au contraire, la compliquer ?
Nous venons de voir qu’il y aura, probablement, un faible taux de participation et que la Chambre n’aura pas de rôle politique significatif à jouer. J’aimerais profiter de votre question pour clarifier cette notion d’islamiste en politique. La définition d’islamiste en politique, c’est : «une organisation ou un groupe d’individus qui cherchent à s’accaparer du pouvoir pour nationaliser la religion et l’Etat à leur profit ». Est-ce le cas des partis politiques engagés dans la course électorale ? C’est aux institutions qui légalisent l’existence des partis de répondre à cette question. Pour le moment, je n’attends pas de changement significatif de la configuration politique actuelle, ni de dynamique nouvelle. Mais ce n’est pas parce que les portes sont fermées qu’il faille se résigner à ne pas en forcer l’ouverture par une mobilisation pacifique pour le changement. A la tentation du pessimisme, opposons la nécessité de l’optimisme.
B. T.