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Chirurgie plastique: le rêve et la beauté à tout prix - Algerie360
La chirurgie et la médecine esthétiques ont connu un véritable boom, ces dernières années en Algérie, et ce, qui n’était qu’un rêve lointain de « jeunesse éternelle » devient peu à peu réalité.
Tout le monde en convient: la courbe en la matière est ascendante, surtout après l’apparition de cliniques privées spécialisées dans ce genre de chirurgie même si cette spécialité médicale n’est pas officiellement reconnue en Algérie et s’exerce sous le couvert de spécialités apparentées. Et si l’on croit que les femmes sont plus soucieuses que les hommes de leur apparence et de leurs imperfections, la fréquentation dans ces cliniques montre que la réalité est toute autre et que le sexe dit « fort » est lui aussi touché.
Dans ce domaine, l’homme et la femme ne diffèrent, semble-t-il, que par la façon de procéder et les moyens à mobiliser pour parvenir en définitive à un point commun: être belle ou beau en corrigeant une anomalie ou en masquant, à tout prix, les effets du temps qui passe.
Les actes de chirurgie esthétique les plus demandés par les Algériens sont la liposuccion et l’élimination des rides du visage et du cou par des techniques à résonance rébarbative mai qu’importe, pourvu que les « doigts de fée » du chirurgien vous fassent accéder aux canons supposés de la beauté: lifting cervico-facial, « resurfaçage » cutané par laser, blépharoplastie, calvitie, rhinoplastie etc.
Avec la propagation rapide des actes de chirurgie esthétique et le concours de la publicité et des médias, le citoyen algérien sait maintenant faire la différence entre la chirurgie esthétique, opération de fardage ou d’embellissement, et la chirurgie réparatrice qui est un acte médical de premier plan visant à réparer des défauts de naissance ou à effacer les séquelles d’un accident. Elle est d’ailleurs remboursée par la sécurité sociale.
Entre passionnés de la beauté et vrais malades
Un petit tour dans différentes cliniques de médecine esthétique d’Alger permet de constater au moins deux types de clients: des passionnés de la beauté et du changement de « look », d’un côté, et de l’autre, des personnes souffrant de malformations à la naissance ou des suites d’accidents divers qui ont fini par laisser des traces indélébiles sur les corps et sur le moral. Amina, 27 ans, est une patiente de la seconde catégorie. Elle présente une déformation profonde sur le côté droit du visage après une tentative de suicide il y a cinq ans. Depuis, elle cherche à tout prix à réparer ce qu’elle a elle-même détruit en un instant de forte déprime.
Loin du cas tragique d’Amina, Nadia, 40 ans, a retrouvé le chemin de la même clinique poussée, elle, par sa recherche, effrénée et toute féminine, de « changement d’apparence », histoire de cacher quelques rides naissantes mais rebelles. Elle n’en est pas à son premier coup: les trois ou quatre dernières vacances d’été, elle les a passées à se « relooker » quelque part en Tunisie.
Mais il n’y a pas que les femmes dans cette affaire. Les hommes représentent tout de même 20% de la population fréquentant ce genre de cliniques. Et ce taux tend, semble-t-il, à augmenter car les mâles cherchent eux aussi à plaire et à séduire en se débarrassant, en premier lieu, de cette méchante calvitie qui, en un tour de main, vous double votre âge, ou en corrigeant telle ou telle malformation nasale ou encore en s’attaquant à cette masse graisseuse logée là où il ne faut pas.
Pour le président de la société algérienne de la médecine esthétique (SAME), Dr Mohamed Oughanem, la médecine ou la chirurgie esthétique ne peuvent que refléter l’état de la médecine en général dans un pays et en Algérie, « il y a « encore beaucoup à faire » en la matière. Il relève que dans le domaine de la médecine esthétique il y a un « manque flagrant d’informations, pour ne pas dire une méconnaissance totale de ce type de soins autour desquels il existe beaucoup de préjugés et de pesanteurs culturelles ».
Concernant la tranche d’âge qui demande ces soins esthétiques, le professeur Rachid Amichi, propriétaire d’une clinique privée de chirurgie réparatrice de la face et du cou s’intéresse lui à l’âge des patients, qui va de l’adolescence au troisième âge, avec un pic à partir de la quarantaine. Chez lui, 80% de ses patients sont des femmes. Ce praticien souligne, d’un autre côté, les effets secondaires de la chirurgie esthétique qui peuvent conduire à l’échec de l’opération et souvent, à une nouvelle tentative de réparation sur insistance du patient qui doit savoir, insiste le professeur, qu’en cas d’échec d’une intervention chirurgicale esthétique il peut poursuivre le médecin concerné en justice, en particulier dans le cas où un contrat en bonne et due forme lie les deux parties. Le patient lésé peut aussi se rapprocher du conseil de l’Ordre des médecins pour déposer une plainte contre le praticien incriminé, ajoute Dr Amichi.
Une spécialité médicale pourtant non reconnue
Le président du conseil de l’Ordre des médecins algériens, Dr Mohamed Bekat Bercani, a affirmé que la chirurgie esthétique n’est pas reconnue en Algérie et que certaines cliniques la pratiquaient clandestinement. Il en veut pour preuve les plaintes de citoyens qu’il a reçues faisant état d’échec grave d’opérations de ce genre. Plus explicite, Abdelkader Guennar, directeur des secteurs de santé au ministère de la Santé, souligne que le ministère accorde des autorisations pour l’ouverture de cliniques privées en médecine et chirurgie « réparatrice » et non pas des cliniques de chirurgie « esthétique ». Le même responsable ajoute que le ministère et l’université algérienne ne délivre pas de diplôme dans cette spécialité, ce qui signifie que la médecine esthétique « n’est pas reconnue en Algérie ».
En fait, certaines pratiques signalées comme chirurgie esthétique sont actuellement exercées sous le couvert d’autres disciplines, y compris la chirurgie réparatrice ou la dermatologie. M. Guennar explique que le ministère n’accorde une licence pour ouvrir une clinique dans telle ou telle spécialité médicale que si le médecin concerné est détenteur d’un diplôme ou d’un certificat délivré par le ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur ou un certificat équivalent octroyé par les universités étrangères. Dans ce contexte, le responsable annonce qu’une opération de contrôle sera lancée prochainement touchant toutes les cliniques privées en dermatologie, ainsi que les hôpitaux pour mieux connaître leur méthodologie de travail et de s’assurer de sa conformité aux normes.
Avec l’absence d’un cadre juridique pour l’exercice de cette spécialité en Algérie, le Dr Oughanem de l’Association SAME nie l’existence des pratiques clandestines de cette spécialité au sein des cliniques privées. Il préfère suggérer la reconnaissance de cette spécialité et le développement d’un instrument juridique qui la régisse, afin d’éviter toutes les dérives. Et la religion dans tout cela? Il est admis que l’Islam, sans codification particulière et précise dans ce domaine, n’autorise pas n’importe quel changement volontaire d’apparence physique chez l’être humain, sauf dans des cas de force majeure (brûlures graves, séquelles accidentelles irréversibles…), rappelle Mohamed Mkerkeb, imam à la mosquée El-Kods à Hydra (Alger). Pour lui cependant, la religion musulmane tolère certaines « améliorations » mais seulement quand le défaut physique devient lourd à supporter.
Certains psychologues ont également critiqué la chirurgie esthétique quand elle est excessive ou injustifiée. Pour Abderrahmane Aftis, les gens ordinaires qui recourent à la chirurgie purement esthétique « souffrent, en réalité, de carences mentales s’exprimant dans la recherche effrénée de la perfection même si cela doit leur coûter beaucoup d’argent ». « C’est un peu oublier que la vraie beauté c’est celle de l’âme », même si la chirurgie plastique fait parfois des merveilles, résume un autre psychologue averti.