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Eric Denécé, directeur du centre français de recherche sur le renseignement, au temps d'Algérie : «l'Amérique moderne est en train de réunir peu à peu toutes les pratiques d'un Etat policier» - Algerie360
Le directeur du Centre français de recherche sur le renseignement (CF2R), Eric Denécé, évoque, dans cet entretien, les récentes révélations sur l’espionnage pratiqué par les Etats-Unis d’Amérique à l’encontre de détenteurs de comptes chez des géants mondiaux d’Internet, dont Facebook, Google et YouTube. Il évoque, également, l’utilisation de drones par le FBI à l’intérieur des territoires des USA.
Le Temps d’Algérie : Des révélations ont été faites par des services de renseignements américains (FBI et NSA) se rapportant à «l’espionnage des messages et discussions d’internautes» et des géants mondiaux d’Internet, dont Facebook, Google et Youtube. Comment avez-vous accueilli ces révélations ?
Eric Denécé : Sans aucune surprise. Tous ceux qui sont issus du renseignement connaissent très bien l’importance de l’espionnage électronique américain.
Cela a commencé pendant la Guerre froide, cela s’est amplifié au milieu des années 1990 avec la généralisation d’Internet et de la téléphonie mobile et cela a pris une ampleur complètement insensée après les attentats du 11 Septembre.
Et cette démarche est soutenue par le lobby des industriels et des consultants du milieu de la sécurité, qui a pris la place du lobby militaro-industriel
N’y a-t-il pas une éthique et une déontologie dans le monde du renseignement qui interdit de telles atteintes à la vie privée ?
Absolument aucune ! Au demeurant, les Américains ne transgressent aucune loi intérieure, car ils ont pris la précaution de changer la loi, dans le cadre du Patriot act dédié à la lutte antiterroriste. Ils réalisent donc ces écoutes en toute légalité. Mais il y a plus grave : ils ont réussi à convaincre leur propre population que tout cela était indispensable pour sa sécurité et que cela produisait des résultats extraordinaires… Tout cela est bien sûr très largement faux, amplifié, déformé…
L’Amérique moderne est en train de réunir peu à peu toutes les pratiques d’un Etat policier, même si Washington est assez astucieux pour donner chaque fois une apparence de légalité. Mais la dérive est bien réelle et extrêmement préoccupante. Les Etats-Unis ne sont plus du coup la première démocratie du monde
Justement, le président Obama a déclaré que ces activités d’espionnage «ne touchent que les étrangers établis à l’étranger», et, donc, «ne touchent pas les Américains». Est-ce légal pour autant ?
Foutaises ! Obama essaie d’apparaître comme moins «extrémiste» que Bush. Or, il l’est tout autant, si ce n’est plus. Il n’a pas fermé Guantanamo, il multiplie les frappes de drones dans le monde, il décide d’armer les salutistes syriens… De même, il a renforcé les possibilités légales et les moyens d’écoute électronique de ses services. Ceux-ci espionnent autant les citoyens américains que les étrangers résidant aux Etats-Unis ainsi que les communications avec les étrangers… Mais ne nous y trompons pas : qu’un Etat espionne ses adversaires ou concurrents internationaux, cela a toujours existé et ce n’est guère critiquable. En revanche, la mise sous surveillance électronique de toute la population est une atteinte grave et profonde aux libertés civiles. C’est inacceptable dans un pays qui se revendique comme modèle démocratique
Il y a également une révélation sur l’espionnage effectué par les services de renseignements britanniques à l’encontre des délégations du G20…
Oui, mais nous sommes là dans de l’espionnage extérieur «classique». Washington a une longue tradition d’espionnage de ses alliés. En la matière, une collaboration extrêmement étroite a été établie avec la Grande-Bretagne, ainsi qu’à un moindre degré avec les autres pays anglophones (Canada, Australie, Nouvelle-Zélande).
Mais cette coopération est souvent à sens unique. Washington prend beaucoup mais ne donne guère à ses alliés. Pourtant, Londres continue à être totalement intégré à ce dispositif. Bien sûr, ce type d’écoute sert aussi au gouvernement britannique pour mieux définir sa politique internationale et conduire ses négociations européennes.
Dernière révélation en date : l’utilisation par le FBI, aux USA, de drones équipés de caméras. Ce qui pourrait, selon les opposants à cette méthode, porter atteinte à la vie privée…
En effet, l’utilisation des drones dans des missions de sécurité intérieure est en plein développement outre-Atlantique. C’est en partie quelque chose d’utile et de légitime, comme par exemple lorsqu’il s’agit de surveiller la frontière américano-mexicaine et de lutter contre l’immigration clandestine. En revanche, le déploiement de drones en zone urbaine, où ils peuvent tout filmer, est attentatoire aux libertés civiles fondamentales…. Mais ce n’est qu’une étape de plus après la généralisation de la vidéosurveillance.
Il y a eu, précédemment, l’affaire WikiLeaks…
Ces deux affaires n’ont rien à voir. Dans le cas de WikiLeaks, le caporal de l’US Army a véritablement révélé des informations sensibles qui ont pu être dommageables pour la politique étrangère américaine. Rien ne justifiait cet acte qui doit être sévèrement puni, comme le site WikiLeaks qui les a diffusées.
En revanche, Snowden n’a fait que révéler une pratique, sans livrer à la presse d’informations critiques. En fait, beaucoup de gens le savaient déjà et cela ne fait que confirmer les choses. Snowden n’est pas un frustré qui est dans la vengeance ou dans la recherche du sensationnel. Il a été profondément choqué par la dérive qu’il observait.
Comment expliquez-vous toutes ces «fuites» d’informations, et cette tendance à espionner tout le monde ?
Les Américains sont la première puissance mondiale et entendent le rester. La lutte antiterroriste est un prétexte facile, même si c’est une réalité. Car il y a d’autres moyens de lutte.
Toutefois, les Etats-Unis n’ayant pas de service de sécurité intérieure à l’image de ceux des pays européens, ils misent tout sur la surveillance électronique de la population. De plus, cette mise sous surveillance leur sert aussi beaucoup dans le cadre de leur politique étrangère et de leur politique commerciale, notamment en espionnant les entreprises étrangères présentes sur leur sol.
Mounir Abi