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Face à une mondialisation galopante,Comment des villages sauvegardent leurs traditions - Algerie360
Depuis des siècles, même durant l’époque coloniale, pendant cette journée, des boeufs et des moutons sont sacrifiés et distribués équitablement entre tous les membres de ce village.
Si des langues entières disparaissent, que dire des traditions des peuples qui les véhiculent?
Dans un monde mouvementé, en pleine mutation et sous l’effet d’une mondialisation galopante, largement diffusée par les nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication, les traditions des populations locales de plusieurs pays du monde risquent de disparaître.
Selon l’Organisation des Nations unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture, (Unesco), plus de 50% des langues parlées dans le monde sont menacées de disparition à terme. En moyenne, une langue cesse d’être parlée tous les quinze jours.
Et si des langues entières disparaissent, que dire des traditions des peuples qui les véhiculent? Mais il existe des peuples qui, malgré tout, résistent et se battent contre l’extinction de leur identité et pour la sauvegarde de leurs traditions.
La Kabylie, au centre de l’Algérie, est parmi ces régions du sud de la Méditerranée, qui luttent depuis des siècles pour préserver leur identité.
Dans cette région où les traditions séculaires des populations tendent à disparaître pour laisser place à d’autres, des villages continuent, en dépit de toutes les influences, à se battre corps et âme pour sauvegarder ces traditions qui font partie de leur identité.Imezgharen (Mezrara pour la forme arabisée et à la fois francisée) est un village situé dans la commune de Frikat, à l’extrême sud de la wilaya de Tizi-Ouzou. Il abrite plus de 4000 citoyens. Les plus jeunes qui sont nés dans les années 1980 et 1990 sont abreuvés, au point d’être très marqués, par plusieurs cultures, notamment arabe et française.
«Cela constitue un danger pour la culture locale dans la mesure où nombreux de ces jeunes ne se reconnaissent plus dans les traditions du village», soutient un membre du comité de village.
«Leurs yeux sont toujours braqués sur ce qui se fait ailleurs et puis ils tentent de l’imposer dans leur maison avant de le faire dans les places publiques», ajoute-t-il.
Dans ce village, même l’usage de la langue kabyle est réduit, avec la disparition progressive de plusieurs termes et leur remplacement par des mots français. Cette situation peut être expliquée par différents éléments. Le plus important est que la langue amazigh dont le kabyle est une variante qui n’est jamais enseignée à l’école. Jusqu’à 1994, les Kabyles apprennent à l’école la langue arabe, puis la langue française, et à partir du cycle fondamentale, la langue anglaise qui ne sont pas leur langue maternelle.
Mais, à partir de cette année, suite à la grève du cartable d’une année, qui a vu toute la région boycotter l’école, cette langue a été introduite dans le système éducatif mais d’une manière facultative.
La reconnaissance de la langue amazighe comme langue nationale dans la Constitution, après des événements sanglants durant les années 2001 et 2002, n’a pas changé beaucoup de choses. L’enseignement est toujours facultatif. Mais dans les foyers de la Kabylie, les mères et pères continuent à transmettre cette langue à leurs enfants, malgré les dangers qui guettent cette identité.
Le village Imezgharen n’est pas en reste de cette transmission orale de la langue maternelle. Mais la menace est toujours là.
L’envahissement des foyers depuis le début des années 1990 par les télévisions et les paraboles a fait disparaître plusieurs autres traditions. Les veillées nocturnes autour d’un feu de bois où la plus âgée du foyer racontait aux plus jeunes les contes kabyles anciens ont laissé place aux films TV égyptiens, indiens, français et américains. Résultats: les jeunes nés dans les années 1990 et 2000 ne connaissent presque rien de ces contes qui font partie de la culture kabyle. Mais les plus conscients ne se laissent pas faire. Comme ce père de famille qui a inscrit dans le programme de ses enfants une heure par jour réservée aux contes, que certains écrivains ont sauvés en les recueillant et les éditant dans des livres.«J’ai obligé ma femme à perpétuer cette tradition car il n’est pas question pour moi d’abandonner cette tradition dans laquelle j’ai grandi», explique un jeune habitant du village, sans renier les bienfaits des nouvelles technologies.
La langue et les contes sont loin d’être les seules caractéristiques de la région qui risquent de disparaître. Les traditions sont aussi concernées par cette menace.
Les habitants d’Imezgharen se battent pour les préserver.«Dans ce monde, on est confronté à une situation paradoxale: on doit accepter l’ouverture et s’inscrire dans le cours de l’histoire mais on doit aussi rester nous-mêmes en nous attachant à notre culture, notre identité et à nos traditions», explique Ammi Saïd, un vieux villageois d’un certain âge.
La première tradition reste l’assemblée générale mensuelle des habitants du village. Ce village, comme un peu partout ailleurs en Kabylie, est régi par une forme d’organisation ancestrale et originale qu’est Tajmaât (comité de village). Chaque bourgade a son Tamen, (représentant). Les assemblées générales se tiennent chaque premier vendredi de chaque mois et permettent aux villageois d’exposer leurs problèmes. Des réunions extraordinaires sont tenues à chaque fois que les circonstances l’exigent.
L’une des attributions de ce comité est de régler à l’amiable les litiges entre les habitants et déployer tous les moyens afin que nul conflit ne parvienne à la justice. Ça marchait ainsi depuis longtemps et jamais cette forme d’organisation n’a été remise en cause.
Ce fonctionnement a senti une première secousse en 2009 lorsque le comité de village a été renouvelé pour voir la majorité de ses membres constituée de la génération issue des années 1980.
Ils allaient annuler ces assemblée générales et ne garder que celles extraordinaires. Mais Ils étaient confrontés à un refus catégorique de la population. «On ne permet jamais de toucher à un cheveu de nos traditions ancestrales», déclare un habitant du village.
Le nouveau comité de village a proposé l’annulation d’une autre tradition centenaire du village, en s’appuyant sur des raisons financières.
Une fois par an, à la veille de la fête religieuse de Aïd El Adha (fête du Sacrifice), tous les enfants du village sont invités à une ouaâda (offrande) au lieudit Boudghaghen.
Depuis des siècles, même durant l’époque coloniale, pendant cette journée, des boeufs et des moutons sont sacrifiés et distribués équitablement entre tous les membres de ce village. Ces boeufs sont achetés par le comité de village et se chiffrent à une moyenne de 40 millions de centimes par an. Sauf que la tradition n’a pas de prix. Les citoyens, encore une fois, ont refusé de sacrifier cette tradition pour céder devant le système capitaliste qui ne se base que sur la rentabilité.
«Durant cette journée qui ne revient qu’une seule fois l’année, tous les fils du village se rencontrent dans une ambiance très fraternelle où toutes les adversités sont dépassées.
A travers le partage équitable entre tous les membres du village, c’est toutes les inégalités sociales qui sont effacées. Dans cette journée, il n’y a ni pauvre, ni riche, ni jeune ni vieux, ni homme ni femme. Il y a des citoyens qui sont traités de manière égale», explique un membre du mouvement associatif.
Les villageois établis à l’étranger rentrent à cette occasion pour se ressourcer et participer à perpétuer cette tradition que les villageois disent refuser d’abandonner quel que soit le prix.
Les membres du comité de village ont fini par se rendre compte que «ce n’est pas parce que la mondialisation est à nos portes qu’on doit sacrifier nos traditions». La conciliation entre les deux est toujours possible.
«C’est ce que nous tentons de faire», souligne un membre du comité de village.
Voilà donc comment des villageois tiennent à leurs traditions sans jamais renier les bienfaits de la mondialisation.