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L’Algérie plonge dans l’inévitable crise de succession - Algerie360
L’Algérie est en pleine crise. A tel point que le président Bouteflika évoque une tentative de déstabilisation. Il y a vingt cinq ans, je notais, dans mon premier livre, « Octobre, un chahut de gamins » (1), que l’Algérie, dépourvue d’institutions démocratiques, a toujours réglé ses crises par des coups de force.
La formation politique héritée du mouvement national manquait cruellement de traditions et de culture démocratiques. Les acteurs politiques ne croyaient pas, ou n’ont pas su imposer et respecter des règles de fonctionnement modernes.
Le 1er novembre lui-même fut d’ailleurs un coup de force d’une frange radicale du mouvement national contre le leader charismatique du MTLD, Messali Hadj. Ceux qui ont pris les armes avaient raison. On en a déduit que ceux qui détiennent les armes ont toujours raison, selon la formule de Abdelhamid Mehri.
C’était la consécration du rapport de forces comme principal moyen de régulation des conflits. Quatre ans après le déclenchement de la guerre de libération, une autre crise était réglée par l’élimination de l’un des acteurs politiques les plus importants du front intérieur, Abane Ramdane. Historiens et témoins directs ont rapporté, plus tard, le dénouement de crises au bout de mois de palabres, comme cette réunion des colonels qui s’est étalée sur plusieurs mois pour déboucher sur une reprise en mains des affaires du pays par les colonels de l’ALN. Tous ces hommes, des militaires formés aux rudes règles du maquis, ont transposé plus tard leurs règles « rustres » dans un Etat naissant.
Ce fut la crise de l’été 1962, réglée par la guerre des wilayas et l’entrée en force de l’armée des frontières. Mais ce pouvoir à peine installé, Houari Boumediène renversait Ahmed Ben Bella, en ayant recours, une fois de plus à l’armée, et en promettant des institutions qui survivent aux hommes. Boumediène était à son tour menacé par son propre chef d’état-major, Tahar Zbiri, dont le coup d’état, très amateur, échouait aux portes de la Mitidja. Quant aux voix discordantes, elles étaient étouffées, d’une manière ou d’une autre. Conscients qu’ils ne pouvaient faire le poids sur le terrain des armes, les opposants étaient tous réduits au silence et à la résignation.
ALTERNATIVES
Un peu plus tard, la succession de Boumediène offrait une lueur. Certes, c’était le parti unique, et l’armée y avait une voix prépondérante, mais la succession a été assurée sans douleur. Par contre, celles de Chadli Bendjedid et Liamine Zeroual furent plus complexes. Zeroual, démissionnaire en septembre 1998, a même été invité rester en poste et à patienter tout un semestre pour donner aux « grandes électeurs » le temps de trouver un accord sur un nouveau candidat. En 2014, trois ans après le printemps arabe, et alors que la Tunisie s’est dotée d’une constitution de très haute facture, la succession de Abdelaziz Bouteflika s’avère d’une complexité inattendue.
Diminué physiquement, le chef de l’Etat a manoeuvré de telle manière qu’il apparait comme la seule alternative à lui-même. Il a mis hors jeu, d’une manière ou d’une autre, tous ceux qui auraient pu lui faire de l’ombre, pour déboucher sur une situation absurde : comment un pays de l’envergure de l’Algérie peut-il n’e pas avoir de candidat de rechange? Pour l’heure, l’état de santé de M. Bouteflika impose au pays d’envisager de se passer de lui. Comment? Aucune formule ne s’est imposée, débouchant sur une crise qui a provoqué une bataille de chiffonniers au sommet de l’Etat.
A un point tel que Mouloud Hamrouche, l’homme qui symbolise l’aspiration à changer le système politique algérien, s’est retrouvé contraint à un exercice particulièrement douloureux. Il a été obligé de reconnaitre que non seulement l’Algérie n’a pas avancé d’un pouce sur le terrain institutionnel, qu’elle n’a pas bâti des institutions qui « survivent aux hommes », mais qu’elle n’arrive même pas à revenir aux mécanismes en vigueur jusque-là. Que dit Mouloud Hamrouche ? Il invite ceux qui ont le sort du pays entre leurs mains, c’est-àdire le commandement de l’armée, à se concerter, à discuter, pour arriver à un nouveau compromis, en vue d’élaborer un nouveau consensus national. Ceci sans faire de victimes, et en respectant un minimum de règles pour permettre au pays d’avancer.
ECHEC
Pour a voir approché et connu Mouloud Hamrouche, je mesure quelle douleur a pu provoquer chez lui le fait d’admettre que l’Algérie a, non seulement échoué à mettre en place des mécanismes démocratiques pour désigner ses dirigeants, mais qu’en plus, elle ne maitrise même plus cette ingénierie, certes primaire, mais efficace, pour désigner ses dirigeants. C’est le résultat d’une multitude de facteurs : un pouvoir personnel qui marginalise les institutions, l’émergence de nouveaux centres de pouvoirs informels, et des glissements successifs qui ont poussé à un fonctionnement en dehors de la constitution et de la loi.
Il n’y a plus de concertation dans le pays, il n’y a plus de structure délibérante, pas de conseil de ministres, même pas des traditions de rencontres plus ou moins formelles où s’élaborent et se prennent les décisions. Il n’y a même plus de Larbi Belkheir pour inviter les gens à discuter autour d’un café. Et l’armée, contrairement à ce qu’on pense, est plus prisonnière que bénéficiaire de cette situation. Elle est contrainte de trouver des solutions à des impasses, ce qui n’est ni son métier ni sa vocation. Elle est contrainte d’arbitrer des conflits dont elle ne peut sortir que perdante. Pourquoi appartient-il à l’armée, ou à une de ses directions, le DRS, de décider si M. Bouteflika peut postuler ou non à un quatrième mandat
Pourquoi ce ne serait pas le conseil constitutionnel ? Pourquoi ce ne serait pas son médecin ? Pourquoi un général ferait un choix contraire à celui du médecin ou du juriste? On n’est plus dans des confrontations autour de projets politiques ou d’intérêts économiques, on est dans le bon sens. Et le bon sens devrait, non seulement permettre de surmonter la crise actuelle, mais aussi faire en sorte qu’elle ne se répète pas. Ce qui passe simplement par l’institutionnalisation du pouvoir, et l’instauration d’un Etat de droit.
1. Les éditions Laphomic, qui ont édité le livre, ont disparu. Je ne sais même pas comment procéder pour publier une nouvelle édition.
Par Abed Charef