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Le Front de libération nationale : De la Pointe Pescade aux arènes internationales - Algerie360
C’est le «Front populaire», coalition des partis de la gauche française, qui décidait la dissolution de l’Etoile Nord-Africaine et c’est le «Front républicain» conduit par les socialistes qui fera voter, en mars 1956, les pouvoirs spéciaux renforçant l’arsenal répressif en Algérie.
C’est au nom du «mouvement national à sa phase de réalisation» que se constitue le Front de Libération nationale».
La modeste demeure des Boukechoura, sise 24, Comte-Guillot, est, de longue date, un peu plus que le refuge des clandestins de l’OS et, depuis le printemps de cette année 1954, la chambre d’enregistrement de l’accouchement, dans l’incertitude et la détermination, de l’insurrection salvatrice. En fait, il y a la chambre de Mohamed, son épouse et ses quatre enfants, celle de Mourad et sa petite famille, et puis la troisième, celle de tous les clandestins – qui y jouèrent même à la belotte – et de tous les rendez-vous. Celui du 23 octobre était – mais qui le savait réellement ? – celui de l’histoire. Ainsi, ils étaient six à l’heure du destin dont cinq – Boudiaf, Bitat, Ben M’hidi, Benboulaïd, Didouche – avaient vécu et tiré les conséquences de l’échec de l’entreprise de reconstruire l’unité de leur parti – le MTLD – et avaient tranché, en juin, en faveur du recours à la lutte armée. Krim Belkacem, le maquisard de 1947, encore attaché à la figure de Messali Hadj – il déléguera d’ailleurs Ali Zaamoun, l’un de ses proches, au congrès messaliste d’Hornu de juillet 1954 – ne fut ni de la tentative du Crua ni de la réunion du groupe des «22», et on sait que la médiation décisive pour son ralliement fut celle de Mostefa Benboulaïd, figure charismatique du PPA/MTLD et autorité morale et politique des Aurès.
Le procès-verbal de cette réunion du 23 octobre sera dressé par l’histoire qui enregistrera, notamment la nuit de la Toussaint pour le lancement de l’insurrection et plus particulièrement un sigle, celui du Front de libération nationale, le FLN, dont la proclamation, datée du 1er novembre et portée par les ondes de «Sawt El Arab», fixait les objectifs du mouvement.
Le FLN n’était pas, contrairement à ce qu’avait rapporté une presse algéroise, prise de court et sous le choc, Messali Hadj ni non plus le cadre de l’insurrection du peuple tout entier, comme continue de l’affirmer une histoire officielle de longue date disqualifiée.
Le choix stratégique du Front
Il ne fait pas de doute, pour autant, que des débats s’étaient bien tenus sur l’identité du mouvement insurrectionnel ; et le choix du sigle frontiste est tout sauf le fait du hasard, et qu’il était bien celui qui exprimait avec le plus de précision l’esprit même de l’insurrection, comme en atteste clairement la proclamation du 1er Novembre.
Le «Front» de libération nationale était plus qu’un sigle, un programme qui appelait au rassemblement de tous les militants de la cause nationale sur la seule base de l’acceptation des objectifs fixés de «l’indépendance et de la souveraineté nationale».
La proclamation du 1er Novembre est sans ambiguïté à ce sujet, qui en appelle à tous les militants quelles que soient leurs attaches partisanes. Le sigle du FLN a pour lui l’avantage de la clarté, le Front a pour objectif éminent «la libération nationale», mais s’inscrit aussi, peu ou prou, dans une tradition bien établie du mouvement national algérien.
En Algérie, même la première tentative de rassemblement d’acteurs politiques autour de la question nationale date de juin 1936 où, sous l’appellation de «congrès musulman», représentants de la fédération des élus indigènes – du Dr Bendjelloul – de l’association des oulémas musulmans, sous l’autorité de Cheikh Abdelhamid Benbadis, et de dirigeants d’un parti communiste algérien, en cours de formation et en mal d’encrage dans «la société indigène», posaient les questions d’un destin algérien sous les rets d’une colonisation sûre de son pouvoir.
Une quête de l’union
Le congrès musulman, au-delà des illusions sur une évolution politique de l’ordre colonial, aura eu le mérite de mettre le rassemblement des forces politiques algériennes à l’ordre du jour.
Il en sera aussi resté l’incontournable déclaration de Messali Hadj au stade municipal d’Alger, du 2 août 1936, «cette terre n’est pas à vendre», et le PPA, créé en mars 1937 et vite contraint à la clandestinité, allait être le vivier du premier rassemblement patriotique constitué en avril 1944 autour du «Manifeste du peuple algérien», le mouvement des AML, «Amis des Libertés et du Manifeste».
Le «Manifeste» publié en février 1943, à l’initiative d’élus indigènes, avait été présenté aux autorités de Vichy et au représentant des Alliés, et le rassemblement qui s’en est inspiré devait regrouper les proches de la fédération des élus, oulémas et militants du PPA clandestin. Les «AML» étaient parvenus à mailler l’essentiel du territoire national et le PPA, à la mesure de cette expansion, allait en devenir l’un des socles. La sauvage répression des journées de mai 1945 dans le Constantinois répondait à l’appel des «AML» à manifester pacifiquement à l’occasion de l’Armistice.
En 1951, l’hypothèse frontiste revient dans le cours des luttes sous la forme d’un «Front algérien pour la défense et le respect des libertés» (FADRL) associant le MTLD, l’UDMA, le PCA et les Oulémas qui valide, à tout le moins, l’option d’une union à construire sur fond d’approches politiques divergentes.
Le Front en marche
Quand bien même les six fondateurs du FLN étaient plus hommes de la clandestinité – au sein du PPA puis de l’OS – leur culture politique et les expériences acquises leur commandaient de construire l’unité des rangs – qui n’est pas l’union des appareils – et est-ce sans doute le sens de l’appel porté par la proclamation du 1er Novembre. «Le Front de Libération Nationale (…) offrant la possibilité à tous les patriotes algériens, de toutes les couches sociales, de tous les partis et mouvements purement algériens, de s’intégrer dans la lutte de libération sans aucune autre considération.»
Le «Front» apparaît-il ainsi clairement comme un projet à concrétiser et non pas comme un fait politique acquis au lancement de l’insurrection, et les positions, au mieux réservées, exprimées par les formations politiques algériennes au lendemain du 1er Novembre, en marquaient sans ambiguïté la difficulté de l’entreprise.
Ceux qui avaient projeté le Front ne furent pas ceux qui lui donnèrent finalement son plein contenu, même si – et c’était un premier tournant historique – ils en imprimèrent une première assise territoriale et une représentation organique et furent, on le sait, tôt contraints par les violences de la répression.
L’objectif stratégique du rassemblement au sein du Front fut largement l’œuvre d’Abane Ramdane qui, s’il entreprit des contacts avec des personnalités représentatives de différents courants politiques, aura travaillé dans l’esprit et la lettre de la proclamation du 1er Novembre.
Les adhésions au Front devaient être individuelles et supposaient l’abandon de toute attache organique ou politique avec les anciennes appartenances.
C’est ainsi, à titre d’exemple, que Ferhat Abbas devait annoncer, au Caire, en avril 1956, son intégration au FLN et la dissolution de l’UDMA. Abane avait aussi travaillé, avec ses compagnons, à l’élargissement de la base sociale du Front en s’ouvrant notamment aux cadres syndicaux – UGEMA, UGTA-UGCA – et c’est ce long processus qu’allait sanctionner le Congrès de la Soummam en août 1956. A cette date, la sociologie de la lutte armée avait changé de socle et le FLN en était bien le cadre de référence.
A bien y regarder, moins de deux années séparaient la rencontre des Six chez les Boukechoura de celle des Six d’Ifri.
A. M.