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Le rôle de l'ASEAN dans le règlement des différends de souveraineté en mer de Chine méridionale - Algerie360
Dans le contexte du différend contesté en mer de Chine méridionale, les développements sont de plus en plus tendus, et la recherche d’un règlement des différends est sans issue, rendant la situation régionale instable. En tant que principale organisation de la région, et avec de nombreux pays membres directement impliqués dans les différends en mer de Chine méridionale, l’ASEAN a apporté de nombreuses contributions pour maintenir la paix et la stabilité dans la région, et pour promouvoir le renforcement de la confiance, en cherchant un règlement des différends en mer de Chine méridionale.
Mer de Chine méridionale et développement de l’ASEAN
L’ASEAN a une superficie de 4,5 million de kilomètres carrés, une population d’environ 575 millions d’habitants et un produit intérieur brut (PIB) d’environ 3 000 milliards de dollars U.S. L’ASEAN est évalué comme le lieu ayant le développement économique le plus dynamique et le plus attirant dans la région Asie-Pacifique. La stabilité et le développement de la plupart des pays de l’ASEAN dépendent largement des routes maritimes en mer de Chine méridionale. Celle-ci est connue comme une zone ayant une position géopolitique importante, et une importance stratégique en termes de politique, d’économie, de transport maritime, d’environnement et de sécurité nationale, non seulement pour les pays contigus, les pays de la région Asie-Pacifique, mais aussi pour le monde entier. La mer de Chine méridionale abrite également des ressources naturelles riches et diversifiées pour la vie et pour le développement économique, en particulier les ressources aquatiques, les minéraux et le potentiel touristique.
Le différend de souveraineté en mer de Chine méridionale est directement lié à 4 des 10 pays de l’ASEAN. La Malaisie, le Brunei, les Philippines et le Vietnam revendiquent la souveraineté en totalité ou en partie des îles Spratly, le contrôle des îles, et revendiquent la souveraineté sur la mer environnante. Le Vietnam et les Philippines revendiquent également la souveraineté sur les îles et les récifs du nord, près de la Chine. Le Vietnam revendique l’ensemble des îles Paracels qui a été illégalement saisi par la Chine depuis la chute du régime sud-vietnamien en 1974. Les Philippines revendiquent la souveraineté sur le récif de Scarborough, une zone de pêche avec des réserves importantes à seulement 200 km de la côte de Luzon. La Malaisie et le Brunei revendiquent également une partie de la mer de Chine méridionale, mais ils ont une approche « plus douce » par rapport à la Chine. Pendant ce temps, certains autres pays de l’ASEAN tels que l’Indonésie et Singapour montrent également leur attitude ferme pour empêcher les activités illégales et les revendications de “souveraineté” déraisonnables de la Chine en Mer Orientale. En particulier, l’allégation de “souveraineté” de la Chine au titre de la “ligne des neuf tirets” chevauche également la zone économique exclusive (ZEE) de l’Indonésie, près des îles Natuna. Par conséquent, afin d’assurer l’harmonisation des intérêts, de renforcer la solidarité et l’unité pour promouvoir des programmes de développement conjoints dans toute la région, y compris des intérêts en mer de l’Est, l’ASEAN a pris des mesures démontrant son rôle en participant à la résolution des désaccords entre les pays de la mer de Chine méridionale.
En outre, l’ASEAN a également de nombreuses raisons stratégiques de participer activement à la gestion des conflits dans la mer de Chine méridionale, car : 1) la mer de Chine méridionale relève pleinement de la portée géographique et de l’influence politique de ASEAN, et affecte directement la sécurité nationale de nombreux pays membres de l’ANASE. 2) Les États membres de l’ASEAN qui ont des différends de souveraineté dans la mer de Chine méridionale souhaitent tous que l’ASEAN joue un rôle plus important dans la résolution des conflits dans cette zone maritime. 3) La situation en Mer Orientale a un grand impact sur l’unité au sein de l’ASEAN. Cependant, les intérêts des pays de l’ASEAN dans la mer de Chine méridionale ne sont pas les mêmes, de sorte que la position des pays membres présente de nombreuses différences dans la détermination de la portée et du niveau de la participation de l’ASEAN aux différends de souveraineté dans la Mer Orientale.
Rôle de l’ASEAN en mer de Chine méridionale
Au fil des ans, l’ASEAN s’est efforcée de participer de plus en plus activement à la résolution des tensions dans la mer de Chine méridionale, contribuant à garantir les intérêts communs de toute la région, à renforcer la solidarité et la confiance mutuelle dans l’ASEAN. Par conséquent, l’ASEAN est désormais considérée comme une organisation intermédiaire dans le règlement des différends entre la Chine et les pays membres de l’ASEAN. Les accords entre ces derniers et la Chine comprennent des engagements à s’informer mutuellement de tout mouvement militaire dans la zone contestée et à éviter de construire de nouvelles édifications sur les îles. La Chine et l’ASEAN ont également mené des négociations pour créer un code de conduite (COC) afin de réduire les tensions sur les îles contestées. L’ASEAN et la Chine ont adopté le cadre COC et négocient actuellement pour parvenir à un COC juridiquement contraignant.
Cependant, le rôle de l’ASEAN dans la résolution du problème de la mer de l’Est est encore limité à cause des incohérences du point de vue des actions de certains pays, en raison de la question des intérêts nationaux. Il existe de nombreuses opinions selon lesquelles les activités de l’ASEAN sur le principe du consensus et de la négociation non conflictuelle sont une faiblesse fatale. Ce principe a récemment divisé l’ASEAN en trois groupes principaux liés à la question de la Mer Orientale, à savoir : les pays qui s’opposent activement à la Chine (les Philippines et le Vietnam) ; les pays aux attitudes plus neutres (Singapour, Malaisie et Indonésie) ; et les pays aux attitudes plus proches de la Chine (Cambodge et Thaïlande). En plus, un certain nombre de pays de l’ASEAN pour leur profit personnel ont ouvertement affirmé que “la mer de Chine méridionale n’est pas un problème de l’ANASE, mais seulement une question bilatérale » et considère que le différend sur la mer de Chine méridionale « soit dû aux parties concernées elle-même”.
Pour promouvoir le règlement des différends dans la mer de Chine méridionale : 1) L’ASEAN doit poursuivre ses consultations avec la Chine sur le COC. 2) Dans le contexte des travaux de construction de bâtiments de la Chine sur des îles artificielles, l’ASEAN devrait non seulement se limiter à la négociation avec le COC, mais aussi à promouvoir la formation de la communauté de sécurité politique de l’ASEAN, appeler au soutien des partenaires stratégiques du bloc. 3) L’ASEAN joue un rôle important dans la résolution du problème de la mer de Chine méridionale. Mais ce rôle ne peut être atteint que par la solidarité des États membres de l’ASEAN en unifiant leurs actions face aux défis de la Chine. Parce que, lorsque l’ASEAN s’unira pour adopter une position commune, la voix de cette organisation régionale aura son poids, sera entendue et valorisée ; et, vice versa, si l’ASEAN est divisée et différenciée, alors la voix de l’ASEAN sera affaiblie, dominée par le grand pays. 4) L’ASEAN doit nécessairement se réunir dans les actions. En raison de la capacité de mobiliser et de convoquer des forces sous le drapeau commun de l’ASEAN, tout en s’appuyant sur la synchronisation relative des intérêts politiques (souveraineté en mer de Chine méridionale), de l’économie (production du riz et produits agricoles…) et de l’environnement (copropriété du Mékong), l’ASEAN peut construire une force collective pour retrouver “l’équilibre” avant l’acte obstiné des gros poissons qui avalent les petits, malgré la loi internationale.
En général, l’ASEAN joue un rôle important dans le règlement des tensions dans la mer de Chine méridionale, en contribuant à garantir les intérêts communs de toute la région, à unir la solidarité et à renforcer la confiance mutuelle dans l’ASEAN. Cependant, les contributions de l’ASEAN sont encore limitées en raison des conflits, des désaccords sur les intérêts nationaux de chaque pays membre et des conséquences de la manipulation et de la division actives opérées par la Chine. Dans les temps à venir, les pays de l’ASEAN devront renforcer la solidarité intérieure et unifier leur position commune sur la question de la Mer Orientale lors des négociations avec la Chine. De cette façon, les intérêts de tous les pays concernés seront garantis et la région de l’ASEAN deviendra de plus en plus prospère.
Farid Daodi