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Le secret de l’alliance américano-saoudienne ? - Algerie360
Égypte, 14 février 1945. Le Quincy, grand vaisseau de guerre américain, navigue sur les eaux du canal de Suez. À son bord, deux hommes, que tout ou presque devrait opposer, négocient les bases d’une alliance qui va bouleverser la géopolitique du Moyen-Orient. D’un côté, le plus grand président américain de son siècle, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. De l’autre, le fondateur du royaume d’Arabie saoudite, Abdel Aziz ibn Abdel Rahmane al-Saoud.
Quelques jours avant cette rencontre, Roosevelt est à Yalta aux côtés de Joseph Staline et de Winston Churchill. La légende – pas tout à fait exacte sur le plan historique – veut que les Soviétiques, les Britanniques et les Américains aient décidé du « partage du monde » à cette occasion, en l’absence du général de Gaulle, qui n’était pas convié. À peine la conférence de Yalta terminée que le président américain s’envole pour le Caire où il embarque à bord du Quincy. Il profite de l’occasion pour s’entretenir avec « les trois rois » : Farouk d’Égypte, Hailé Sélassié d’Éthiopie, surnommé le Négus, et ibn Saoud d’Arabie. Avec ce dernier, il aborde principalement deux sujets : l’immigration des juifs en Palestine et surtout le… pétrole.
‘’En parlant cinq minutes’’
Les États-Unis disposent d’une importante communauté juive et n’occupent pas encore, à l’époque, un rôle prépondérant dans la région. Roosevelt cherche à convaincre son hôte de l’importance de l’immigration des juifs en Palestine. À la suite de cette conversation, Roosevelt confiera au Congrès avoir « plus appris sur le problème musulman et le problème juif en parlant avec ibn Saoud cinq minutes que je n’ai pu apprendre par l’échange de deux ou trois douzaines de lettres ».
Dans une lettre datée du 5 avril 1945, le père du New Deal donne une double assurance au roi d’Arabie saoudite sur ce même sujet. 1) Lui personnellement, comme président, ne ferait jamais rien qui puisse être hostile aux Arabes. 2) Le gouvernement des États-Unis n’opérerait aucun changement dans sa politique de base en Palestine sans une consultation complète et préalable avec à la fois les Juifs et les Arabes.
Malgré ces belles paroles, qui amènent forcément à se demander si Roosevelt, s’il avait vécu quelques années de plus, aurait été favorable ou non à la création d’Israël, c’est bien le deuxième objet des discussions, le pétrole, qui va donner une portée historique au Pacte du Quincy.
Au Moyen-Orient, le temps de l’épice et de la soie, qui a fait la renommée des échelles du Levant, est révolu. C’est l’odeur pestilentielle du pétrole qui imprègne déjà la région. Après avoir vu leurs rêves fracassés par le double jeu de leurs alliés français et anglais, à la suite de la révolte arabe contre l’Empire ottoman, les peuples arabes vont vivre une nouvelle ère avec la découverte du pétrole. Une découverte qui fait du désert d’Arabie, périphérie de la géopolitique du Moyen-Orient depuis la mort du Prophète en 632, l’un des nouveaux centres politiques de la région.
Si le « Sphinx de la Maison-Blanche », pourtant gravement malade, prend le temps de s’entretenir avec ce Bédouin, installé depuis 1932 sur le trône du nouveau royaume, c’est parce qu’il a conscience de l’importance stratégique que comporte une alliance entre les États-Unis et l’Arabie saoudite. Dans une note rapide à Daisy (son amie et sa confidente), Roosevelt ne peut s’empêcher de décrire l’entourage pittoresque de son hôte : « Des esclaves (noirs), un goûteur, un astrologue et huit moutons vivants. » Ibn Saoud aurait été autorisé à amener ses moutons à bord parce qu’il ne mangeait que de l’agneau que seuls ses hommes pouvaient égorger. Cela aurait apparemment follement amusé Roosevelt.
Deux hommes que tout oppose
Il faut dire que rien ne rapproche, a priori, les deux hommes. Le premier, riche héritier d’une famille new-yorkaise, vient d’entamer son quatrième mandat en tant que président des États-Unis. Une présidence pendant laquelle il a dû gérer une partie des moments les plus difficiles de l’histoire américaine : les séquelles de la crise de 1929, l’entre-deux-guerres, la montée des totalitarismes dans les années 30, l’attaque japonaise contre Pearl Harbor, l’entrée en guerre des États-Unis pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale… À chaque fois, l’homme affronte les événements avec courage et lucidité. En 1945, il n’a pas marché depuis bientôt 20 ans. Pourtant, que ce soit devant ses acolytes à Yalta ou à bord du Quincy, il se tient comme un empereur visionnaire, alliant subtilement sagesse et puissance.
Le second est le premier souverain moderne de l’Arabie saoudite, le fondateur du troisième État saoudien. Profitant de la chute de l’Empire ottoman, et du soutien des Anglais, il écarte ses concurrents hachémites et s’empare progressivement du Najd puis du Hijaz. Grâce à son alliance avec les Ikhwans, qui prônent une application rigoriste de l’islam, il acquiert une double légitimité : politique et religieuse.
Pétrole contre sécurité
Ce qui unit les deux hommes, c’est leur besoin essentiel de ce que peut leur procurer l’autre. Pragmatiques, ils concluent un pacte pour une durée de 60 ans. Aux États-Unis, l’assurance de pouvoir exploiter le pétrole saoudien. Aux Saoudiens, celle d’être protégés par le parapluie américain. L’une des alliances les plus improbables, mais pourtant des plus pérennes, de cette deuxième partie du XXe siècle. L’alliance entre le nouveau leader du monde occidental, parangon de liberté, de démocratie et de modernité, et le régime théocratique d’Arabie saoudite, nouvel épicentre du Golfe et symbole de rigorisme et d’hermétisme.
Le fameux pacte du Quincy, signé le 14 février 1945, tient en cinq points :
– Ibn Saoud n’aliénait aucune partie du territoire, les compagnies concessionnaires ne seraient que locataires des terrains.
– La durée des concessions est prévue pour 60 ans. À l’expiration du contrat (en 2005 !) les puits, les installations et le matériel reviendraient en totalité à la monarchie. À l’échéance, le contrat a été prolongé pour une nouvelle période similaire.
– Par extension, la stabilité de la péninsule Arabique fait partie des intérêts vitaux des États-Unis.
– Le soutien américain concerne non seulement sa qualité de fournisseur de pétrole à prix modéré mais aussi celle de la puissance hégémonique de la péninsule Arabique.
– Les Etats-Unis garantissent la stabilité de la péninsule et plus largement de l’ensemble de la région du Golfe sous forme d’assistance juridique, militaires dans les contentieux opposant les Saoud aux autres émirats de la péninsule.
Ce pacte marque l’entrée fracassante des États-Unis sur la scène moyen-orientale et consolide véritablement le pouvoir de la famille Saoud. Les Américains s’apprêtent à prendre la place des Britanniques dans le monde arabe, et l’Arabie saoudite profite de cette alliance opportune pour s’imposer progressivement comme une puissance régionale… et concurrencer l’Égypte, la Jordanie et l’Irak.