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Mais pourquoi l’agriculture africaine ne parvient-elle pas à se mécaniser ? - Algerie360
(Ecofin Hebdo) – Il y a 50 ans, l’agriculture africaine était plus mécanisée que celle de la Chine. Aujourd’hui, avec ses immenses ressources naturelles et ses 1,2 milliard d’habitants, le continent ne parvient pas à produire suffisamment de nourriture, pour répondre à ses besoins alimentaires. Alors qu’il s’en offusquait lors d’une conférence à Washington, Akinwumi Adesina, le président de la Banque Africaine de développement, a révélé que la région réalisait chaque année, des importations nettes agricoles de 35 milliards $, et que ce chiffre pourrait monter jusqu’à 120 milliards $. Pourquoi ?
Selon les données de 2016 de la FAO, les productions de céréales étaient de seulement 180 millions de tonnes. Or ces céréales représentent plus de 50% des apports calorifiques des ménages. Plus impressionnant encore, l’Afrique, en 2013 (date des dernières statistiques disponibles) a importé pour près de 122 millions de tonnes de produits agricoles pour satisfaire les besoins de ses populations.
La mécanisation devient une nécessité urgente pour l’Afrique
Les experts s’accordent à dire qu’une telle tendance n’est ni cohérente, ni durable. D’autant que l’Afrique possède 60% des terres cultivables inexploitées du monde. Cette situation tient elle-même de plusieurs facteurs. L’urbanisation a vidé les zones rurales exploitables de leur main d’œuvre abondante. Les jeunes surtout, qui ont du mal à accéder au foncier, ne veulent plus travailler sur les terres de propriétaires qui ne les rémunèrent pas suffisamment. Ainsi, dans ces zones rurales agricoles, la moyenne d’âge des travailleurs oscille entre 48 ans pour les hommes et jusqu’à 53 ans pour les femmes.
Pour l’Union Africaine et les Nations Unies, seule la mécanisation des exploitations agricoles pourrait permettre d’inverser la tendance.
De fait, ils ne peuvent pas produire assez pour satisfaire à une forte demande en forte croissance. Pour l’Union Africaine et les Nations Unies, seule la mécanisation des exploitations agricoles pourrait permettre d’inverser la tendance. Le constat n’est pas une nouveauté, mais aujourd’hui, il rencontre une véritable urgence.
A la lecture de documents officiels sur le développement agricole en Afrique, on apprend que le continent, en 1967, possédait plus de machines agricoles que la Chine, l’Inde et une partie des pays de l’Asie du sud-est. La tendance a commencé à s’inverser dans les années 2000. Aujourd’hui, les parties du monde qui autrefois traînaient le pas derrière l’Afrique, sont des champions de la production agricole.
En 1967, l’Afrique possédait plus de machines agricoles que la Chine, l’Inde et une partie des pays de l’Asie du sud-est. La tendance a commencé à s’inverser dans les années 2000.
Dans un récent rapport sur la mécanisation du secteur agricole en Afrique, Josef Kienzle, un expert de la FAO et auteur principal du rapport, a expliqué que, loin d’être un slogan, cela permettrait aux petits exploitants agricoles d’intensifier et d’élargir leurs activités, tout en offrant également l’opportunité à certains membres des familles agricoles de trouver des emplois en dehors de la ferme et d’accroître leurs revenus.
Un processus qui nécessite une collaboration étroite entre secteurs public et privé
Mais la partie n’est pas gagnée d’avance. Les expériences partagées démontrent que le processus de mécanisation n’est possible que si des centres spécialisés dans la mécanisation, issus du secteur privé et bien gérés, sont mis en place avec des services à la portée de tous. Les interventions du secteur public en faveur de ce processus devront apporter des aides spécifiques qui dépendront de la source d’énergie de la mécanisation et du type d’utilisateur.
Dans le passé, parfois récent, de nombreuses initiatives ont échoué, avec des machines données ou subventionnées qui finissent abandonnées en raison de l’absence de pièces détachées et de services de réparation.
Pour les sceptiques, l’Afrique n’est pas encore prête. Et l’histoire semble leur donner raison. Dans le passé, parfois récent, de nombreuses initiatives ont échoué, avec des machines données ou subventionnées qui finissent abandonnées en raison de l’absence de pièces détachées et de services de réparation.
De nombreuses initiatives ont échoué, avec des machines données ou subventionnées qui finissent abandonnées.
De ce point de vue, l’Union Africaine estime que le continent africain a beaucoup à apprendre de l’Asie. Les pays de cette région ont su mettre en place un cadre permettant de soutenir l’entreprenariat orienté vers les services de machinerie agricole. Plusieurs pays ont déjà pris le pas de l’apprentissage. L’Ethiopie, le Ghana, le Kenya et le Nigeria étudient de très près le cas du Bangladesh et de sa mécanisation agricole.
Il y a beaucoup à apprendre de l’Asie
Dans plusieurs pays, des coopératives – notamment au Bénin et au Nigéria – ont réussi à offrir des services de mécanisation à leurs membres qui ont, non seulement eu un impact économique et social positifs, mais ont également bénéficié d’une participation active.
Plusieurs pays ont déjà pris le pas de l’apprentissage. L’Ethiopie, le Ghana, le Kenya et le Nigeria étudient de très près le cas du Bangladesh et de sa mécanisation agricole.
Les choses évoluent cependant très lentement. Malgré 15 ans de conférences et de rencontres de haut niveau, les gouvernements africains, ne parviennent toujours pas à consacrer 10% de leurs ressources fiscales au profit de l’Agriculture. Les choses semblent même se compliquer avec l’introduction d’un débat sur l’utilisation des Organisme Génétiquement Modifiés.
Un manque de soutien financier à combler
Beaucoup de pays africains n’ont pas de systèmes formels de soutien financier aux cultivateurs qui leur permettraient de maintenir et de développer leur productions agricoles. Bien qu’il existe aujourd’hui plusieurs groupes de microfinance qui travaillent dans ce domaine, les cultivateurs sont peu nombreux à avoir accès à ces groupes ; la majorité d’eux ignorent les procédures requises pour pourvoir accéder à un soutien de financement à long terme ou les conditions mises en place par ces institutions financières ne peuvent pas être remplies par les pauvres paysans.
L’accès au foncier, et par conséquent au crédit, est particulièrement difficile pour les femmes.
Il faut aussi préciser la mauvaise réglementation du marché bancaire qui n’avantage guère ce secteur. Lorsqu’on discute avec ces intermédiaires financiers, ils soulèvent un certain nombre de griefs. L’un d’eux est le manque de marché fiable pour les productions agricoles. Par ailleurs, les difficultés d’accès au foncier, surtout pour les femmes, et des processus administratifs longs et complexes interdisent au producteur de mobiliser des ressources financières.
Les difficultés d’accès au foncier, surtout pour les femmes, et des processus administratifs longs et complexes interdisent au producteur de mobiliser des ressources financières.
Aujourd’hui, des organismes multilatéraux comme la Banque africaine du développement ont fait du financement de l’agriculture, leur cheval de bataille. Une ambition qui vise à faire jouer à l’organisation, au cours de la prochaine décennie, un rôle de catalyseur dans l’appui aux évolutions technologiques, institutionnelles et des politiques susceptibles d’engendrer une transformation durable des économies rurales.
L’objectif est de permettre aux populations rurales d’accroître leur productivité et leurs revenus réels d’une manière équitable et écologiquement viable.
Idriss Linge