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Modernisation et extension du réseau ferroviaire, À quand Alger-Hassi Messaoud par train ? - Algerie360
La «révolution» du transport semble prendre sa vitesse de croisière dans notre pays. Après la grande réalisation de l’autoroute Est-Ouest sur 1 200 km – et malgré certaines imperfections techniques qui grèvent quelques tronçons de son itinéraire, particulièrement au Centre-Est (Lakhdaria-Bouira) – et le lancement de l’autoroute des Hauts Plateaux (sur 1 300 km), le plan de développement du transport ferroviaire, initié au cours du premier plan quinquennal (2000-2005), commence à montrer ses grands desseins.
En effet, parallèlement à la rénovation de certaines lignes, à l’électrification de plusieurs voies et au lancement d’autres nouvelles lignes, le temps est aussi aux grands projets structurants devant assurer l’intégration économique de régions entières, à commencer par celles constituant des bassins de production, supposant un important transit de marchandises et de mobilité de travailleurs.
Le rêve de relier par chemin de fer la capitale du pétrole, Hassi Messaoud, à la capitale politique du pays deviendra-t-il réalité ? La réponse est affirmative, sans ambages, du côté du ministère des Transports.
Le lancement, à la fin du mois de novembre dernier, du tronçon Ksar El Boukhari-Laghouat, sur une longueur 291 kilomètres, fait partie de ce grand projet qui, lui, s’étend sur 800 km.
Le tronçon en question, confié par le ministère des Transports à Cosider et à cinq autres entreprises algériennes, est subdivisé en trois autres tronçons, à savoir Ksar-El Boukhari Boughezoul (41 km), pour un délai de 39 mois, Boughezoul-Djelfa (140 km), pour un délai de 48 mois, et Djelfa-Laghouat (110 km), pour un délai de 41 mois.
Le tronçon allant de la Chiffa à Ksar El Boukhari (105 km), et le reste de l’itinéraire, allant de Laghouat à Hassi Messaoud (en passant par Ghardaïa et Ouargla), sont en phase d’étude.
Ce que les ménagistes projetaient dans leurs bureaux depuis les années 1980 et les aspirations des populations des Hauts Plateaux et du Grand Sud nourrissaient depuis l’Indépendance du pays, trouvent dans ce projet leur concrétisation, d’autant plus que le train «ne s’arrêtera pas en si bon chemin»; de Hassi Messaoud, il est censé continuer son chemin vers le nord-est (sur Touggourt et Biskra), et vers le sud-ouest (sur Adrar et Béchar) où il rejoindra l’ancienne ligne qui s’arrête à l’ex-Colomb-Béchar.
C’est là une vision quelque peu «futuriste», soutenant des projets de l’envergure du Transsibérien. Néanmoins, les activités existantes au niveau des zones pétrolières et gazières, l’ébauche d’une agriculture saharienne à Adrar et dans la vallée de Zousfana (Taghit, Igli, Beni Abbès) militent imparablement pour de tels projets; cela, en plus d’éventuelles zones d’exploitation qui pourront, à moyen terme, concerner les gisements de minerais dans le Sud (à l’exemple du fer de Ghar Djebilet, dans la région de Tindouf).
De nouvelles perspectives pourraient aussi s’ouvrir pour le réseau ferroviaire national pour servir les pays africains voisins. Ainsi, des pays du Sahel (Niger, Mali) ont montré un intérêt certain au cours des dernières années pour un éventuel acheminement de leurs marchandises importées d’Europe via les ports algériens.
Au début des années 2000, une délégation de l’un des pays de cette zone a exploré avec les autorités algériennes cette possibilité au niveau du port de Djendjen, dans la wilaya de Jijel. Les marchandises pourraient être expédiées sur la ligne de Ramdhan Djamal jusqu’à…Adrar, si le chemin de fer venait à rallier cette ville. De là, elles seraient transportées par route sur Niamey ou Bamako.
Depuis presque trois décennies, ce schéma de maillage de voie ferrée, a pris le nom de «boucle du Sud». Les aléas de la politique économique et des disponibilités financières ont retardé ce mégaprojet, comme ils ont mis longtemps sous le coude beaucoup d’autres projets d’infrastructures (barrages hydrauliques, routes, ports, aéroports…).
L’aisance financière que commençait à avoir l’Algérie dès le début des années 2000 a amené les dirigeants politiques à développer une stratégie de rattrapage de retards accumulés en la matière.
SE HISSER AU NIVEAU DES NOUVEAUX BESOINS C’est à la faveur de ce climat des investissements publics que le secteur des chemins de fer a fait valoir de nouveaux «concepts» où il est question, par exemple, d’autorail, de lignes à grande vitesse (LNA), de boucle du Sud et de brettelles Nord-Sud.
L’outil le plus en vue dans les pays d’Europe, à savoir le train à grande vitesse (TGV), n’est pas totalement exclu de la nomenclature; cependant, le président de la République a fait savoir, en 2008, que l’Algérie ne peut financer un tel projet que si, dans le futur, il devait répondre à une intense activité touristique localisée dans un pôle particulier du pays.
Un argument qui invite à une complémentarité/intégration de plus en plus intime des différentes activités économiques.Les retards que notre pays a connus en matière de transport ferroviaire depuis 1962 se sont négativement répercutés sur l’ensemble de l’économie nationale, notamment par les surcoûts engendrés par l’utilisation d’autres moyens roulants fort encombrants.
Les moyens de transport routiers (camions, tracteurs…) ne sont pas étrangers à la surcharge actuelle des routes à l’échelle nationale, même si ce phénomène est aussi sustenté par d’autres facteurs. Dans le Schéma directeur routier et autoroutier (SDRA), il a été relevé soit 90% de l’ensemble du volume de marchandises faisant l’objet de transit le sont par route.
Pour le transport de voyageurs, même si l’on ne dispose pas de statistiques détaillées, la situation est quasiment similaire, particulièrement depuis le grand boom de l’importation de véhicules particuliers. Le retard du chemin de fer en Algérie, en termes de maillage du territoire, et sa vétusté, en termes de qualité des prestations sont des données reconnues par les gestionnaires de l’économie nationale.
Le réseau des chemins de fer algérien a été réalisé par l’administration coloniale à partir de la fin du 19e siècle. Jusqu’au début des années 1960, le réseau exploité était de 3 900 kilomètres. L’hégémonie du transport routier a non seulement fait stagner le développement du rail, mais, pire, il a conduit même à la suppression de certaines dessertes.
Élément structurant au même titre que les autres infrastructures lourdes (ports, aéroports, routes, autoroutes, barrages hydrauliques…), le chemin de fer a bénéficié à la fin des années 1980 d’une profonde réflexion qui a voulu exploiter des idées anciennes dont certaines remontent à la période coloniale.
Il s’agissait de renforcer la voie du nord algérien avec des améliorations techniques (électrification et doublement de voie) et par la création de brettelles vers les ports et autres destinations économiquement viables.
La pénétration vers les Hauts Plateaux et le Sud s’est surtout appuyée sur le constat d’un déséquilibre démographique entre la côte et l’intérieur du pays, la mauvaise gestion des ressources naturelles (particulièrement l’eau et la végétation), la crise de l’emploi et l’aggravation du processus de désertification.
Le transport ferroviaire bénéficie d’une attention encore plus grande de la part des acteurs économiques et des pouvoirs publics au cours des dix dernières années. Cela est principalement dû aux grandes capacités de transport dont il peut disposer et au côté pratique et fluide de la voie qu’il emprunte.
En effet, il n’échappe à personne que le transport a toujours constitué un segment majeur de l’économie dans les étapes de la fourniture des équipements, de la matière première, des produits finis ou semi-finis ainsi que de leur transbordement des/ou vers les ports. Le terminal peut même être envisagé dans un aéroport dans le cas où la suite de la prestation de transport est destinée à être prise en charge par avion-cargo.
Il n’échappe à personne que, dans la comptabilité des entreprises, la rubrique transport occupe parfois des postes importants, surtout lorsque les bassins de production (usines, fermes, ateliers) sont situés à des distances éloignées. Pour un pays aussi vaste que l’Algérie, l’enjeu du transport de marchandises et de voyageurs se trouve naturellement décuplé. Cependant, jusqu’à présent, les activités liées au transport sont concentrées sur le déplacement par voie de route.
La majorité de la population algérienne étant positionnée au Nord, particulièrement sur la côte, les voies terrestres se trouvent ainsi étranglées par l’intensité du trafic et la nature du relief caractérisant cette bande étroite.
L’alternative des chemins de fer demeure la seule voie de salut qui puisse contribuer à fluidifier les flux, réduire les coûts de transport et apporter le développement là où l’enclavement était jusqu’ici vécu comme une hideuse fatalité.
Saâd Taferka