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Sommet sur la sécurité nucléaire à Washington : Une question à traiter avec équité - Algerie360
Les dirigeants de près de 50 pays et organisations internationales participent au sommet sur la sécurité nucléaire, une manifestation exceptionnelle par son ampleur organisée à Washington à l’initiative du président américain.
Le sommet intervient après la signature du nouveau traité START de désarmement nucléaire avec la Russie, paraphé à Prague jeudi dernier et le dévoilement quelques jours auparavant d’une nouvelle doctrine nucléaire américaine limitant les cas d’emploi de la bombe atomique. Il se tient un mois avant la conférence de révision du Traité de non-prolifération nucléaire (TNP), prévue en mai au siège de l’ONU.
Le risque de terrorisme nucléaire est l’un des thèmes principaux, la Maison Blanche ayant déjà prévenu que le président demanderait à ses homologues de s’engager à atteindre l’objectif de sécuriser les stocks nucléaires sensibles en quatre ans.
Dimanche dernier, M. Obama avait défini les enjeux de la réunion en soulignant que « la plus grande menace contre la sécurité des Etats-Unis, que ce soit à court, moyen ou long termes, serait la possibilité qu’une organisation terroriste obtienne une arme nucléaire ».
« Ce sommet a pour but principal de mettre la communauté internationale sur la voie d’une maîtrise du matériel nucléaire (non sécurisé) dans un temps imparti et avec un programme de travail spécifique », a-t-il précisé, se disant « très satisfait de voir que des pays ont adopté ce but et viennent (…) avec des stratégies spécifiques pour résoudre ce grave problème international ». « Nous savons que des organisations comme Al-Qaïda sont en train d’essayer d’obtenir une arme nucléaire, une arme de destruction massive qu’elles n’auront aucun scrupule à utiliser », a ajouté le président.
Le terrorisme nucléaire constitue-t-il la menace principale ?
Le terrorisme nucléaire constitue-t-il la menace principale comme le proclame l’administration américaine ? Les Etats-Unis plaident qu’il existe quelque 1.600 tonnes d’uranium hautement enrichi et 500 tonnes de plutonium dans le monde dont l’accès n’est pas toujours suffisamment sécurisé.
Ils craignent également la prolifération de matériel nucléaire par des Etats comme la Corée du Nord ou encore le Pakistan, dont les services secrets sont soupçonnés de soutenir les talibans et Al-Qaïda. Bien que l’Agence internationale de l’énergie atomique (AIEA) ait recensé une quinzaine de cas de trafic d’uranium enrichi ou de plutonium entre 1993 et 2008, notamment dans l’ex-bloc soviétique, beaucoup d’experts doutent malgré les assurances et les inquiétudes de Washington, de la capacité de groupes terroristes à mettre la main sur des matériaux fissiles, à fabriquer une bombe nucléaire ou encore à se servir d’une telle arme. La probabilité est infime en l’absence du soutien d’une puissance nucléaire.
Pour d’autres analystes Al-Qaida, sans même posséder pour l’heure l’arme ultime, a tout de même réussi à faire peser la menace nucléaire sur gouvernements et opinions publiques … comme l’avait «fait» l’Irak avec les armes chimiques. Ce sommet sera aussi l’occasion pour Washington et ses alliés de remettre sur la sellette le dossier nucléaire iranien.
Nucléaires israélien et iranien, les deux poids deux mesures
Des rencontres bilatérales de Barack Obama avec plusieurs chefs d’Etat ou de gouvernement, c’est sa rencontre avec son homologue chinois Hu Jintao qui retiendra l’attention. Washington va tenter en effet d’obtenir de Pékin, jusque-là réticent, qu’il apporte son soutien à des sanctions renforcées contre l’Iran, soupçonné par les Occidentaux, malgré ses dénégations, de vouloir se doter de l’arme nucléaire sous couvert d’un programme civil.
Dimanche, le secrétaire à la Défense Robert Gates et la secrétaire d’Etat Hillary Clinton ont insisté à l’unisson sur la «menace» iranienne.
« Toutes les options », y compris militaires et nucléaires, sont sur la table pour Washington au sujet de l’Iran mais aussi de la Corée du Nord, car ces pays ne respectent pas le traité de non-prolifération, a déclaré Robert Gates.
L’Iran dont le Guide suprême de la République islamique, Ali Khamenei, avait violemment dénoncé quelques heures plus tôt « la menace nucléaire déshonorante » posée par Barack Obama, et qui n’a cessé de dénoncer les deux poids, deux mesures de ses accusateurs, a d’ores et déjà fait savoir qu’il ne se sentira pas lié par les décisions « connues d’avance » du sommet de Washington sur la lutte contre la prolifération nucléaire.
« Les Etats-Unis abusent des conséquences du 11 septembre pour détourner l’opinion publique mondiale de la menace pour la sécurité internationale que constituent les armes nucléaires (des grandes puissances), spécialement celles détenues par les Américains », a estimé M. Soltanieh, son représentant auprès de l’AIEA..
« La nouvelle doctrine nucléaire américaine prouve que les Etats-Unis ne se sentent engagés par aucune règle internationale », a ajouté le responsable.
Pour les musulmans, les deux poids deux mesures pratiqués par les Occidetaux, qui contribue grandement à rendre improductives leur politique de non-prolifération et de menaces envers certains pays, est magistralement illustrée par leur silence protecteur sur l’arsenal nucléaire israélien.
Israël disposerait de 80 à 200 ogives nucléaires. Israël qui s’est aussi abstenu de signer le Traité de non-prolifération nucléaire entretient, impunément, avec le soutien des Etats-Unis, la politique du « flou » adoptée en 1965, date de l’inauguration de la centrale nucléaire de Dimona sur son armement nucléaire.
Récemment, le vice-ministre des Affaires étrangères israélien déclarait qu’il n’y aucune raison pour que les Américains modifient leur approche ou que la position israélienne change. En 1969 Israël a conclu une « entente » avec les Etats-Unis aux termes de laquelle les dirigeants israéliens s’abstiennent de toute déclaration publique sur le potentiel nucléaire de leur pays et ne procèdent à aucun test nucléaire.
En échange, Washington s’est engagé à s’abstenir d’exercer des pressions sur ce dossier. Le Premier ministre israélien ne se rendra pas sommet afin d’éviter que des Etats musulmans ne fassent pression pour qu’Israël ouvre ses installations nucléaires aux inspections internationales.
Mercredi passé, le Premier ministre turc, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, qualifiant Israël de principale menace pour la paix régionale, a estimé que sa non-adhésion au TNP nucléaire ne devait pas l’exempter de rendre des comptes à la communauté internationale sur ce sujet.
Le désarmement, un but à atteindre pour les générations à venir
La vision de Barack Obama d’un monde sans armes nucléaires, qui lui a valu le prix Nobel de la paix, en plus d’être à deux collèges, suscite également la controverse.
La menace s’est elle aggravée 42 ans après le TNP nucléaire et deux décennies après la fin de la Guerre froide ? L’argument de l’élévation du risque, l’Iran et la Corée du Nord sont pointés du doigt, est repris par ceux qui critiquent le désarmement nucléaire (nouvel accord START, révision de la doctrine nucléaire américaine) et s’interrogent de ce fait sur l’impact de la fonction de dissuasion de la bombe.
La prolifération et le terrorisme nucléaires évoqués par le Pentagone comme des périls croissants restent plutôt « infime », estime le colonel Jean-Luc Lefebvre, de l’Institut de recherche stratégique de l’Ecole militaire (IRSEM) de Paris.
Il estime même que « dans les faits, c’est le contraire qui s’est passé ».
Il y a plutôt eu « déprolifération », selon l’expression de l’analyste Benoît Pélopidas, d’après qui 28 États ayant poursuivi des activités nucléaires militaires y ont renoncé comme l’Afrique du Sud qui a renoncé à l’intégralité de son programme nucléaire en 1990 et sur laquelle Barack Obama compte pour promouvoir sa politique. En dévoilant son ambition d’un monde dénucléarisé à Prague en avril 2009, M. Obama avait précisé ne pas s’attendre à la voir aboutir de son vivant.
Le vice-premier ministre russe Sergueï Ivanov, estimant de son côté que leur génération ne connaîtra pas la fin de la bombe, a appelé à agir dans ce sens même si probablement « nos petits-enfants ne la connaîtront pas non plus ».
Le désarmement nucléaire, tel que le conçoit l’Amérique qui est la première puissance atomique, tient en trois points : réduire la dépendance stratégique des armées aux armes nucléaires, prévenir leur prolifération et, finalement, en débarrasser la planète.
Projet à très long terme. Sa réussite repose sur un processus extrêmement progressif. Mais l’histoire est un long cours…
Par : Nina Sarati