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Sonatrach : 55 ans au compteur et des barils de défis - Algerie360
Créée en décembre 1963, la compagnie nationale des hydrocarbures a connu de nombreuses transformations. Mais les changements qu’elle doit désormais affronter dans un contexte national et international profondément bouleversé s’annoncent comme les plus redoutables de son parcours.
C’est le constat établi par le professeur Chems Eddine Chitour. L’expert appelle à une mutation vers le renouvelable et explique que Sonatrach doit, comme la plupart des compagnies étrangères, s’éloigner du tout-fossile. M. Chitour, dans une déclaration à nos confrères de l’APS, s’est exprimé à l’occasion de la « Journée de l’énergie de l’année 2019 » prévue demain.
Il observe que partout dans le monde, une mutation s’est faite du fossile vers le renouvelable. C’est, a-t-il dit, la conversion à laquelle sont arrivés tous les grands groupes pétroliers internationaux qui, à côté du pétrole, développent de plus en plus les énergies renouvelables.
Il explique son point de vue en soulignant que le renouvelable devrait faire partie des contrats avec les partenaires étrangers sur le principe : une calorie thermique exportée devrait être adossée à une calorie électrique renouvelable mise en place à la fois en terme physique et en terme de savoir-faire, à la fois dans l’amont pétrolier et l’aval, et ce, pour la réalisation du plan ambition de 22 000 MW qui ne peut être finalisé qu’avec l’apport déterminant de Sonatrach. Evidemment, les énergies renouvelables (énergie éolienne, solaire, hydroélectrique, géothermique, biocombustibles) sont des alternatives aux combustibles fossiles qui contribuent à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, en diversifiant l’approvisionnement énergétique et en réduisant la dépendance vis-à-vis des marchés des combustibles fossiles, peu fiables et volatiles (gaz et pétrole notamment). Et, fait important dans cette physionomie de développement de l’énergie, le pétrole reste le carburant dominant dans le monde, mais il a perdu une part du marché pendant quatorze années d’affilée. Quant à la production hydroélectrique et d’autres énergies renouvelables, elles ont atteint le record de la consommation globale d’énergie primaire (6,7% et 2,2%, respectivement). A ce stade de l’évolution de l’énergie, chaque pays – et le nôtre n’en fait pas une exception – doit assurer son développement au plan de l’approvisionnement pour le secteur tertiaire (habitat, bâtiment), le secteur des transports et en fin pour le secteur de l’industrie et de l’agriculture. L’Algérie doit s’y prendre de la meilleure des manières, qui soient, pour réussir sa politique énergétique, mettant en avant ses atouts énergétiques (sol et sous-sol), mais également le développement des énergies vertes. Le plaidoyer est fait. Mais Sonatrach va-t-elle en tenir compte ? Aujourd’hui, la compagnie nationale a l’ambition d’optimiser les capacités gazières en parallèle du développement des énergies renouvelables et la pétrochimie notamment. Elle compte doubler la densité du forage, optimiser les gisements existants et lancer l’offshore: En clair, augmenter la production des énergies fossiles. Chitour en sera déçu ! A priori, l’entreprise semble avoir plusieurs cordes à son arc. L’expert, lui, pense qu’elle aura des besoins de financements importants qui seront établis en fonction du prix du baril. Selon ses estimations, avec un baril à 80 dollars, Sonatrach pourra investir l’équivalent de 75 milliards de dollars d’ici à 2030. En outre, la raffinerie d’Augusta permettra en 2019 de fournir de l’essence et du gasoil.
Sonatrach,
l’Alma mater
Ce qui va annuler, selon lui, les achats actuels du pays en ces produits, estimés à près de 2 milliards de dollars/an. Si un baril de pétrole coûte 70 dollars, il faut savoir qu’en le distillant, il peut atteindre les 200 dollars. De plus, il ne sera pas esclave des convulsions erratiques du marché, soutient-il. Evoquant le domaine gazier, il considère que le marché international est rude, ajoutant que défendre les parts de marché notamment en Europe nécessite un management de top niveau et une flexibilité. Les contrats de long terme ayant vocation à être remplacés par le marché. Aussi, de son point de vue, la manne en gaz de schiste devrait être exploitée en faisant énormément attention aux dégâts potentiels avec la technologie de fracturation actuelle. Selon lui, seule la formation de cadres compétents, une veille technologique et une veille environnementale permettront ainsi d’exploiter ces réserves dans des conditions de sécurité: Ce sera le challenge de 2030. Il est utile par ailleurs de noter que la « Journée de l’énergie de l’année 2019 » a été exceptionnellement avancée au 18 décembre en cours afin qu’elle coïncide avec le 55e anniversaire de la création de Sonatrach. Au cours de cette Journée de l’énergie, les élèves ingénieurs de l’Ecole nationale polytechnique (ENP), encadrés par le professeur Chitour, exposeront leur vision du futur concernant l’avenir du pays dans le domaine de l’énergie, de l’environnement, de l’eau et des économies d’énergie. Ce faisant, ils veulent témoigner d’abord de la résilience de Sonatrach dans des conditions parfois difficiles, et ce, par un travail gigantesque qui fait que notre compagnie nationale est toujours là et occupe une place centrale dans le développement du pays. L’aventure pétrolière de l’Algérie avait démarré avec la création de Sonatrach le 31 décembre 1963. Pour Chitour, en 55 ans, les acquis de Sonatrach sont « indéniables ». Ainsi, lors de cette rencontre, plusieurs communications seront données sur ce qui avait été réalisé dans l’amont en termes d’exploration du domaine minier, de production multiforme (gaz naturel, condensat, GPL), et dans l’aval (raffinage, pétrochimie, GNL). Ce sera également l’occasion de mettre l’accent sur les ambitions du groupe Sonatrach en rappelant que ce groupe a élaboré une stratégie multiforme pour atteindre plusieurs objectifs. Il s’agit d’abord d’explorer d’une façon intensive, en augmentant la densité du forage mais aussi l’important domaine minier où des opportunités réelles existent. Il est également question d’aller, ensuite, vers l’aval, en développant la pétrochimie qui sera de plus en plus importante dans les prochaines années. L’expert estime que Sonatrach est à la fois l’Alma mater (mer nourricière) en termes de ressources et l’un des outils de l’Algérie pour réussir sa transition énergétique vers le développement humain durable.