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Sortie du livre, d’Ahmed Bakelli : De l’histoire des Ibadites au Maghreb - Algerie360
Nos hommes de culture, nos chercheurs, nos écrivains ont le droit et le devoir de nous révéler le fait historique de notre existence sur cet immense territoire, appelé Algérie, et quel que soit son contenu, ses faiblesses et sa force multiple par rapport à son passé le plus lointain et à son passé le plus proche.
Et le domaine de l’histoire reste, hélas, encore clos! Par ignorance, mépris de la vérité, préjugés,…? Quoi d’autre ?
L’Algérien intelligent ne croit rien à cela; il raisonne de toute façon son identité. Justement, le livre De l’histoire des ibadites au Maghreb (*) (portant la mention ´´Ouvrage publié par le Ministère de la Culture, avec l’aimable autorisation de Casbah Éditions´´) d’Ahmed Bakelli, nous ramène sainement à nos responsabilités. L’auteur, épris de l’histoire de son pays, entend la connaître et la faire connaître bien qu’il ne soit pas historien, déclarant à raison qu’«il est vital de parler d’histoire ! Oui, je précise bien: parler d’histoire ! Car l’écrire est un autre problème; c’est une entreprise technique qui, avec l’évolution de la méthodologie et des méthodes d’investigation, a balisé son cheminement».
Ahmed ben Mohamed Bakelli est né, en 1944, à El Atteuf, la première cité du Pentapole, fondée en 1011, et dont Ghardaïa, fondée en 1048, est chef-lieu de la Wilaya éponyme (découpage administratif du territoire de 1984 [Journal officiel]).
Après des études primaires en français et en arabe à la médersa de sa ville natale, Ahmed Bakelli poursuit des études secondaires à Guerrara, puis il obtient une licence es-lettres (philosophie) à Alger. Un temps, il est enseignant puis fonctionnaire et enfin il se consacre à la traduction (La Parole du silence, Hadîth açcamt, un roman de Djamel Ayyache) et, de plus en plus, à la recherche. L’auteur revisite les célèbres «Chroniques d’Abou Zakaria» (le nom entier est: Yahya ibn Abî Bakr Aboû Zakariya al-Warjalânî, Yahya ibn Charaf Aboû Zakariya Muhyi al-Dîn al-Nawawî, Aboû Zakariya) – sur l’histoire des propagateurs du rite ibadite, tout particulièrement au Maghreb – et se trouve «exalté non plus par la traditionnelle compréhension du récit, mais par une ´´autre´´ façon de l’approcher».
Par contre, il exprime son étonnement en écrivant: «Paradoxalement, le Mzab n’aura eu aucun rôle déterminé dans l’enchaînement des faits qui ont jalonné l’épopée ibadite. D’ailleurs Abû Zakaria ne citera les Béni Mas’ab que pour rapporter un fait divers dans les Chroniques, relatant le déplacement du fondateur de la halqâ.»
En témoigne, le présent ouvrage dont le brillant «préambule» mérite attention, car il y a une riche réflexion développée sur l’étourdissante problématique de la conception de l’histoire dans notre pays. L’auteur écrit librement: «En dehors des cercles spécialistes, parler d’histoire est appréhendé de nos jours avec une suspicion et méfiance, souvent avec désintérêt et mépris.» Est-ce que cela n’expliquerait pas assez la main basse des historiens de l’«Ailleurs», sur notre patrimoine historique ?
Tout le monde sait que notre histoire, nous revient souvent analysée et écrite par des «professionnels» non algériens, c’est ainsi que sur le marché des livres, ayant pour objet l’Algérie, des noms flambant neufs et sonnant fort, bardés de titres universitaires à l’étranger, gagnent, sur notre dos, le titre de spécialistes de l’Algérie; il y a le spécialiste de l’économie algérienne, de la sociologie algérienne, de la littérature algérienne…de la guerre d’Algérie, de la Révolution algérienne! Tandis que les nôtres sont parfois muselés par l’interdit de piocher dans le champ immense de notre Histoire ou bien ils se sont astreints à glaner des promesses, sans effet, pour un prochain et hypothétique débat «national».
Ahmed Bakelli poursuit: «Rares sont les peuples qui éprouvent un embarras aussi absurde que le nôtre face à ce qui devrait représenter, aussi bien pour les individus que les groupes, un simple acte de recouvrement de la mémoire collective. Chacune des ´´évocations´´ de l’histoire, qui se refuserait à être accommodante, s’apparente davantage à une remise en cause d’un modus vivendi, donc à une provocation. De ce fait nous nous trouvons perpétuellement gênés; car toute attitude différente vis-à-vis de l’information historique nous expose à deux types de réactions: – La première émane de la majorité qui affiche non seulement une indifférence, mais surtout une évidente susceptibilité à l’égard de ceux et de celles qui tentent de sonder la surface d’une mémoire collective ´´en paix´´ afin d’en explorer les sédiments […] Le passé pour elle [la majorité] a longtemps représenté l’interstice par lequel s’est infiltrée la justification de l’infortune au présent.
– Ce sont précisément, les apôtres de cette ´´justification´´ – pour ce qui est du deuxième type de réactions – qui ´´agissent´´ pour adopter l’information historique qui cadrerait avec leurs desseins et rejeter, souvent avec violence, celle qui ne s’adapterait pas à leurs machines à calculer.»
On l’a bien compris, la liberté de regarder le passé serait soumise à caution, – mais quelle caution? En vérité, Ahmed Bakelli n’a pas tort d’avertir dans son préambule ses lecteurs et certaines «âmes crédibles», écrivant: «Nous essaierons simplement, pour notre édification, de déceler en nous certains vestiges comportementaux qui, resurgissant des temps immémoriaux, continuent de troubler notre mémoire collective ou de l’infléchir dans des sens obligatoires!»
Le sujet est important et imposant; il évoque longuement le mouvement ibadite au Maghreb, quoique les faits historiques marquants ne soient pas spécialement mis en évidence. Par contre, il est clairement montré que l’islamisation du Maghreb est indéniablement le fait de propagandistes résolus d’un courant de l’Islam, l’ibadisme, qui existe toujours dans le M’Zab algérien et qui a été consacré historiquement par la fondation de sa Pentapole (les cinq ksour) et les deux villes satellites Guerrara et Berriane. Peu connu, confondu avec le nom de la vallée du M’Zâb (occupée au 10e s. par les ibadites) et ses habitants (les Mozabites), le madh-hab (ibadite) est fondé vers la fin de la seconde moitié du viie siècle (École de nature aussi évidente que les quatre autres dites orthodoxes).
Ce madh-hab est perçu comme la branche ibâdhite, le lien fort, du courant Kharédjite (hétérodoxe) en Islâm. Certains analystes, sans doute, mus par un intérêt primaire ou surtout atteints de néocolonialisme, observent que les clivages entre ibadites berbères et Arabes sunnites restent historiques.
Ajoutant que pour les sunnites, «les ibadites forment un véritable protestantisme au sein de l’Islâm». Ainsi Ahmed Bakelli – abordant les «Chroniques», dont le titre original est Siyar El A-ymmati Wa Akhbaarihim («Démarches des Imams et les informations les concernant», selon la traduction de Bakelli), structure son essai en cinq parties: Les préludes de l’auteur (Abu Zakaria); L’imamat d’Abu El Khattab en Tripolitaine; L’État Rostomide; L’Errance ibadite; L’avènement des Halqâ des ‘Azzaba. Mais, peut-être, certains concepts auraient dû être expliqués dans le texte (comme en p. 15) ou repris dans un «lexique» en fin d’ouvrage, de même qu’un «index» aura été extrêmement utile.
Cependant, ce travail d’Ahmed Bakelli est, par ses nombreuses qualités, une indispensable contribution pour une remise à l’endroit de l’histoire nationale de notre pays.
(*) DE L’HISTOIRE DES IBADITES AU MAGHREB d’Ahmed Bakelli
Casbah-Éditions, Alger, 2009,
384 pages
Kaddour M´HAMSADJI