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Comprendre l'anémie : symptômes, causes et traitements !
L’anémie est une maladie du sang qui résulte d’un taux insuffisant de globules rouges dans le sang. Elle affecte les globules rouges et l’hémoglobine et peut survenir en raison de plusieurs facteurs. Lorsque l’anémie se développe, elle peut provoquer une variété de symptômes, dont la fatigue persistante, la faiblesse généralisée, une tolérance réduite à l’exercice et un essoufflement rapide.
Les personnes atteintes d’anémie peuvent également remarquer une peau pâle, des mains et des pieds froids, une pression artérielle basse, un rythme cardiaque irrégulier, des vertiges, des douleurs thoraciques et des maux de tête.
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Cette maladie est généralement due à une carence nutritionnelle. Par conséquent, le médecin prescrit souvent des suppléments vitaminiques et donne des recommandations nutritionnelles, reposant notamment sur la consommation d’aliments riches en fer , folate, vitamines B12 et C. Si vous pensez présenter un risque d’anémie, lisez cet article pour tout savoir à propos de cette maladie.
Quels sont les symptômes de l’anémie ? Ainsi, l’anémie se caractérise par une insuffisance de globules rouges capables de transporter l’oxygène dans le corps. Lorsque les tissus ne reçoivent pas assez d’oxygène, divers symptômes peuvent apparaître, parmi lesquels on peut trouver :
Fatigue.
Faiblesse.
Diminution de la tolérance à l’exercice.
Essoufflement.
Pression artérielle faible.
Peau pâle.
Rythme cardiaque irrégulier.
Vertiges.
Douleur thoracique.
Mains et pieds froids.
Mal de tête.
Pica (désir de manger des substances non alimentaires, comme de la terre ou de la craie).
Qu’en est-il des causes ? Cette malaldie se manifeste sous différentes formes, et ce, selon son origine. Cependant, certaines causes fondamentales entraînent une diminution du taux de globules rouges et de l’hémoglobine dans le sang. Parmi les principales causes, on peut distinguer :
Perte de sang aiguë : Les hémorragies importantes, qu’elles soient dues à une blessure ou à une intervention chirurgicale, peuvent provoquer une anémie.
Carence en vitamines et minéraux : Un manque de fer, de folate ou de vitamines B12 et C peut entraver la production de globules rouges.
Troubles de la moelle osseuse et des cellules souches : Des conditions comme l’aplasie médullaire ou les leucémies affectent directement la production de globules rouges.
Maladies chroniques : Des maladies telles que l’insuffisance rénale chronique ou les maladies inflammatoires chroniques peuvent perturber la production et la durée de vie des globules rouges.
Conditions pathologiques destructrices : Certaines maladies hémolytiques ou des infections sévères détruisent les globules rouges à un rythme accéléré. Comprendre les causes de l’anémie est essentiel pour un diagnostic précis et un traitement efficace. Si vous présentez des symptômes d’anémie, consultez un professionnel de la santé pour identifier la cause sous-jacente et obtenir des recommandations adaptées.
Quels sont les différents types d’anémie ? L’anémie se divise en différents types selon ses causes, se classant en trois catégories : nutritionnelles , héréditaires et celle causée par des globules rouges anormaux .
Les anémies nutritionnelles : Ces types d’anémie résultent généralement de carences en vitamines. Les anémies dues à une alimentation inadéquate et déséquilibrée incluent :
Anémie ferriprive : Étant le plus courant, ce type d’anémie survient lorsque le corps manque de fer pour intégrer l’hémoglobine.
Anémie pernicieuse : Également appelée carence en cobalamine ou anémie par carence en vitamine B12. Ce type affecte la production de cellules sanguines dans la moelle osseuse, les faisant mourir plus tôt que la normale, ce qui provoque une anémie.
Anémie mégaloblastique : Cette condition survient lorsque les vitamines B12 et B9 (folate) ne sont pas présentes en quantité suffisante. Cela conduit la moelle osseuse à produire des globules rouges plus gros que la normale. Les anémies héréditaires Ces types d’anémie sont familiaux, dits génétiques ou héréditaires. Les anémies héréditaires incluent :
Anémie falciforme : Elle résulte d’une anomalie de l’hémoglobine dans les globules rouges. Les cellules sanguines normales sont rondes et flexibles, se déplaçant facilement dans les vaisseaux sanguins. Dans l’anémie falciforme, l’anomalie de l’hémoglobine rend les globules rouges durs, collants et en forme de faucille. Les cellules falciformes meurent prématurément, entraînant un déficit en globules rouges.
Anémie de Fanconi : Maladie rare affectant la moelle osseuse, elle impacte la production de cellules sanguines et de plaquettes, augmentant le risque de cancer.
Anémie Diamond-Blackfan : Type d’anémie héréditaire chronique affectant la moelle osseuse et altérant la production de globules rouges. 🔵 À LIRE AUSSI
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Les anémies causées par des globules rouges anormaux Ces types d’anémie résultent d’anomalies dans la forme, la durée de survie et le niveau des globules rouges. Les anémies causées par des cellules sanguines anormales incluent :
Anémie hémolytique : Les globules rouges se régénèrent et meurent plus rapidement que la normale. La moelle osseuse devient insuffisante pour produire des globules rouges, provoquant une anémie. Cette condition peut résulter de maladies auto-immunes et d’infections.
Anémie aplasique : Également appelée insuffisance médullaire, elle se développe lorsque la moelle osseuse ne produit pas les cellules sanguines nécessaires aux fonctions corporelles normales.
Anémie sidéroblastique : Survient à cause d’une surcharge en fer ou d’un déficit héréditaire en globules rouges.
Anémie normocytaire : Se produit en raison de la production de moins de globules rouges que la normale, sans hémoglobine.
Anémie macrocytaire : Survient lorsque la moelle osseuse produit des cellules sanguines anormalement grosses.
Anémie microcytaire : Maladie où des cellules sanguines plus petites sont produites en raison de l’absence d’hémoglobine dans les globules rouges, souvent liée à des carences en B6, B12 et folate. Anémie, quelles sont les méthodes de traitement ? L’anémie peut être traitée par différentes méthodes selon sa cause et sa gravité. Le traitement se concentre sur la cause sous-jacente de l’anémie. Si l’anémie est légère, une intervention nutritionnelle peut suffire sans recours à des médicaments ni à une intervention médicale. En cas d’anémie causée par une maladie chronique, le traitement de la maladie peut résoudre la carence en fer. Voici les principales procédures médicales pour traiter l’anémie :
Transfusion sanguine : Pour une anémie causée par une perte de sang, la transfusion sanguine est généralement privilégiée. En cas d’hémorragie interne, une intervention chirurgicale peut s’avérer nécessaire pour arrêter le saignement.
Transplantation de moelle osseuse : Lorsque l’anémie résulte de problèmes de moelle osseuse, comme l’anémie aplasique, une greffe de cellules souches ou de moelle osseuse peut être utilisée.
Suppléments vitaminiques : Pour les anémies dues à des carences en B12, fer, folate et vitamine C, le médecin peut prescrire des suppléments vitaminiques. Cette méthode convient aux anémies légères et modérées. Dans les cas plus sévères, les suppléments peuvent être administrés par voie intraveineuse.
Traitement médicamenteux : L’anémie peut résulter d’une maladie chronique. Le traitement de la maladie sous-jacente élimine alors la cause de l’anémie. Le médecin peut également prescrire des suppléments vitaminiques en complément de ces médicaments. Quel rôle peut jouer l’alimentation ? Résultant souvent d’une alimentation inadéquate et déséquilibrée, il est crucial de consommer suffisamment d’aliments riches en vitamines essentielles pour prévenir et traiter l’anémie. Voici les vitamines et les nutriments pouvant aider à combattre l’anémie :
Fer : Le fer joue un rôle clé dans la prévention de l’anémie. Les aliments riches en fer se divisent en deux catégories : le fer hémique et le fer non hémique . Le corps absorbe facilement le fer hémique, présent dans la viande, le poulet, les produits de la mer et le foie. Le fer non hémique, plus difficile à absorber, se trouve dans les sources végétales comme les noix, les fruits secs, les aliments à grains entiers, les légumineuses séchées et les légumes verts à feuilles foncées.
Folate : Le folate, une vitamine hydrosoluble , se trouve dans de nombreux aliments. Cependant, sa sensibilité à la chaleur et au métal entraîne des pertes lors de la préparation des aliments. Les sources riches en folate incluent :
Les légumes à feuilles vertes comme les épinards, la laitue et les asperges.
Les légumineuses séchées telles que les haricots, les lentilles et les haricots rouges.
Les fruits à coque comme les noisettes, les noix et les amandes.
Les œufs.
Les produits à base de viande, de volaille et de poisson.
Les aliments enrichis en folate. 🔵 À LIRE AUSSI > Cancer du système lymphatique : Quels sont les facteurs de risque du lymphome ?
Vitamine B12 : Tous les aliments contenant des protéines, tels que la viande, le lait, le poisson, le fromage, les œufs et les aliments enrichis, contiennent de la vitamine B12. Une consommation adéquate de protéines assure un apport suffisant en vitamine B12.
Vitamine C : La vitamine C facilite l’absorption du fer. Par conséquent, consommer des aliments riches en vitamine C avec des aliments riches en fer améliore l’absorption du fer. Les agrumes, les fruits et les légumes sont d’excellentes sources de vitamine C.
Si vous présentez des symptômes d’anémie , consultez un professionnel de la santé pour obtenir des conseils sur le traitement approprié. Un diététicien peut également vous fournir un plan nutritionnel personnalisé pour mieux gérer votre anémie.