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Tant qu'il y aura des livres - Algerie360
Par Abdelhakim MEZIANI
Faire de l’histoire, c’est marquer un rapport au temps, semblent nous suggérer les organisateurs de cette 23ème édition du Salon international du livre d’Alger. Il ne peut en être autrement tant l’historiographie de notre pays se définit, estiment certaines sources très au fait de la question, par une sorte de césure «qui d’un présent sépare le passé».
Pour Michel De Certeau, le geste qui met à distance la tradition vécue pour en faire l’objet d’un savoir est indissociable du destin de l’écriture: «Écrire l’histoire, c’est gérer un passé, le circonscrire, organiser le matériau hétérogène des faits pour construire dans le présent une raison; c’est exorciser l’oralité, c’est refuser la fiction.» En termes décodés, c’est pour une société, substituer à l’expérience opaque du corps social le progrès contrôlé d’un vouloir-faire. Ainsi, depuis Machiavel, l’histoire se situe-t-elle du côté du pouvoir politique qui, lui, fait l’histoire, souligne la même source. C’est, à juste titre, que l’historien Mohamed Harbi avait déclaré un jour, dans un de ses livres, que la production historique, idéologique et sociologique relative au Mouvement national est, à bien des égards, une anthologie de la falsification et de la dissimulation. Des pans entiers de l’histoire, estime la même source, ont été effacés ou voués au silence alors que militants et mouvements politiques ne sont pas appréciés en fonction de la place qu’ils ont occupée, mais en fonction de ce qu’ils sont devenus: «Le remodelage du passé à l’image du présent devient alors chose courante.»
Sont-ce ces raisons qui ont poussé en novembre 1974 Mohamed Boudiaf, alors président du Parti de la révolution socialiste (P.R.S.), à sortir de sa réserve pour vouer aux gémonies ceux-là mêmes qui ont écrit, et continuent de le faire en déformant par intérêt ou par ignorance les faits, en attribuant à des gens des rôles qu’ils n’ont pas joués, idéalisant certaines situations, et passant d’autres sous silence, refaisant l’histoire après coup? La réponse à un tel questionnement est aisé surtout lorsque l’un des principaux artisans de la Révolution nationale du 1er Novembre 1954 faisait remarquer, non sans pertinence, que le résultat le plus clair de ces manipulations, est d’entraîner une méconnaissance d’un passé pourtant récent chez les millions de jeunes Algériens qui n’ont pas vécu cette période et qui sont pourtant avides d’en connaître les moindres détails.
Dans «Aux sources du nationalisme algérien», un ouvrage paru aux Editions Casbah, Kamel Bouguessa conforte le constat fait par l’auteur de «Où va l’Algérie?» pour faire remarquer que les attitudes de certains chercheurs et celles de témoins oculaires convergent pour alourdir ce climat.
Il sait de quoi il parle, car au cours des enquêtes et des recueils de témoignages réalisés par ses soins, les réactions d’un certain nombre de militants et de dirigeants nationalistes ont bien montré l’importance des discontinuités et des silences qu’ils ont opposés à ses questions. Un seul exemple, édifiant à bien des égards, est avancé par l’universitaire algérien comme pour mieux étayer sa thèse: «Sur une vingtaine d’entre eux, interrogés ou contactés à propos des événements de 1945, nous avons pu noter que le dénominateur commun de leurs réactions a été la démission tandis que l’un des leaders les plus en vue durant cette période, le docteur Lamine Debaghine, principal dirigeant de la tentative insurrectionnelle de mai 1945, nous a donné pour seule réponse, sur un ton gêné et balbutiant derrière une porte ouverte, j’ai définitivement tourné la page sur le passé!»
Ce passé sera vite rattrapé par l’édition de nombreux ouvrages déifiant les acquis engendrés par la Révolution nationale du 1er Novembre 1954 quand ils ne mettent pas en exergue les discontinuités d’une épopée et ou déroulent des falsifications éhontées de l’histoire d’un peuple.
Des résultats déplorables dans les manuels scolaires
Témoin d’abord, et acteur ensuite du processus révolutionnaire déclenché le 1er Novembre 1954 par le FLN, Benyoucef Ben Khedda, président du Gouvernement provisoire de la République algérienne (GPRA. 1961-1962), n’a pas manqué, dans une de ses publications, de fustiger ceux-là mêmes qui se sont évertués, influencés qu’ils étaient par les théories marxistes, à ramener les causes les plus nobles à des jeux d’intérêts où l’économie détient une part décisive.
Pour l’auteur de «Les origines du 1er Novembre 1954» (Editions, Dahlab), l’histoire n’a d’intérêt que dans la mesure où l’on sait en tirer les leçons: «Autant alors puiser ces leçons dans notre patrimoine et dans les enseignements de notre passé, plutôt que d’aller les chercher ailleurs dans l’expérience d’autres pays.» Cependant, il n’hésite pas à reconnaître que l’écriture de l’histoire, «une histoire qu’on a vécue soi-même», n’est pas chose aisée. Elle peut donner lieu, et c’est lui qui souligne, à des règlements de comptes, comme elle peut être faussée par le subjectivisme et quelquefois la mythomanie: «N’a-t-on pas vu des gens s’attribuer les mérites d’actions qu’ils n’ont jamais réalisées et se faire passer pour des personnages qu’ils n’ont jamais été.» En d’autres termes, il faut donc prendre garde aux déformations et aux falsifications qui, à force de se répéter sans essuyer le moindre démenti, finissent par s’ériger en vérité officielle. A l’appui de ses dires, l’ancien président du GPRA. invoquera les résultats déplorables dans les manuels scolaires qui n’en sont plus à une contrevérité près.
Dans son ouvrage intitulé «Le mouvement d’Indépendance en Algérie entre les deux guerres 1919-1939», traduit de l’arabe au français par le regretté Sid Ahmed Bouali, Mohamed Guenanèche, militant de l’Etoile nord-africaine (E.N.A.) et du Parti du peuple algérien (P.P.A.), considère qu’il est dans le nature de l’Etat d’aller jusqu’au bout de sa logique. Une fois qu’il eut assis son pouvoir, il était dans sa norme de vouloir le pérenniser et, à cette fin, de le consolider en faisant disparaître tout vestiges de ses prédécesseurs: «Quant aux survivants, il convenait peut-être d’en laisser quelques-uns pour la couleur locale et pour garder bonne conscience, mais il fallait, pour toute assurance, les ravaler au niveau de la préhistoire». En termes plus clairs, il devenait dès lors possible, après semblable table-rase, pour l’idéologie dominante de créer de nouvelles conditions de vie, une civilisation à son idée. Il n’y avait plus d’histoire que la sienne: dans sa conception, l’histoire repartait d’un zéro absolu: «Pour nous qui la subissions, sujets pliants sous la férule, il s’ensuivit un état de rupture, un vide de deux générations dans la permanence de l’histoire, en tant qu’oeuvre continue de civilisation. Que nous reprenions le fil interrompu de l’historicité à partir de nous-mêmes, et voilà que nous tombons dans la chronique d’une génération coupée de ses racines, ne serait-ce qu’au simple point de vue de la causalité.»
Devant le silence complice des uns et l’anthologie de la falsification et de la manipulation des autres, la question de savoir d’où extraire les matériaux qui vont permettre une écriture de l’histoire sur des bases nationales n’a pas manqué d’attirer l’attention de l’ancien compagnon de Messali Hadj.
Pour Mohamed Guenanèche, l’énoncé qu’il propose dans son livre n’est nullement celui d’une recherche historique à caractère universitaire. Ce modeste travail, il se plaît à le souligner ainsi, se veut avant tout un apport d’informations, d’expériences, de choses vécues, éprouvées dans leur chair par certains des hommes qui ont assumé un rôle dans le mouvement pour l’indépendance.
On serait tenté de croire, confie Slimane Chikh, ancien membre de l’ALN. et universitaire réputé pour ses pertinentes analyses, que tout a été dit sur l’histoire de la lutte de Libération nationale en Algérie en considérant la masse imposante des écrits se rapportant à cette période particulièrement riche en événements: «Mais que l’on vienne à entreprendre la lecture et l’exploitation de ces informations, et l’on s’aperçoit que beaucoup reste encore à dire.»
Le rôle culturel et social du Salon du livre
C’est un peu pour cette raison que l’initiative du Sila consistant en l’organisation de conférences et de débats autour du rôle du livre dans l’écriture de l’histoire est des plus louables. De grands spécialistes de la question se succèdent en effet pour sérier la problématique et donner naissance à des réflexions remarquables sur l’engouement manifesté, depuis l’investiture du président de la République algérienne, pour immortaliser des pans importants de la mémoire collective. Une mémoire ankylosée qui ne manquera pas de donner des oeuvres remarquables comme des titres caractérisés par l’approximation et des contrevérités. Des rencontres thématiques prévues par la présente édition, notamment celle relative à la relation entre la littérature et l’écriture de l’histoire procède de cette logique où éditeurs et auteurs apportent leur pierre à l’édifice. Cette année, les éditions Casbah se taillent, s’il est permis de s’exprimer ainsi, la part du lion.
Notamment grâce à la publication d’un ouvrage particulièrement intéressant Le désordre colonial ou l’Algérie à l’épreuve de la colonisation de peuplement. Interpellé qu’il était par la période 1830-1871, son auteur, Hosni Kitouni, justifie son énoncé par le fait qu’il ait une absence quasi totale de travaux d’historiens sur la question: «Je suis allé voir la liste des thèses en histoire présentées en France depuis 1980, il n’y a qu’un très petit nombre consacré aux thèmes relatifs à ces périodes. Il y a comme un silence construit, voulu et entretenu sur cette partie de l’histoire de la colonisation.»
Les éditions Chihab ne sont pas du reste à la faveur de trois intéressantes publications. Première du nombre, Économie de l’Algérie coloniale 1830-1954 met en scène la violence des événements qui se sont succédé en Algérie de 1830 à 1962. Pour son auteur, Ahmed, ce livre couvre le champ économique qui manquait. Il offre de longues séries statistiques qui mettent un point définitif à beaucoup de questions ayant suscité polémiques et discussions. Certes, loin d’être un champ d’investissement économique, l’Algérie fut, pendant cinquante ans, un champ de guerre». Dans La guerre d’Algérie dans le roman français, notre confrère Rachid Mokhtari développe une approche comparative de romans sur différentes périodes de publication ayant pour principal protagoniste, le militaire de la guerre d’Algérie, le soldat appelé du contingent trahi par les mensonges d’Etat de son pays et la figure du parachutiste. Enfin, Récits et témoignages de militants de la Fédération du FLN de France Karim Younès met en exergue certains aspects historiques de notre glorieuse guerre de libération, à travers des faits vécus par des personnages quelque peu oubliés ou dont la participation à la cause nationale n’a pas bénéficié de l’éclairage mérité.