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think tank, “défendre l’entreprise” sur le droit des ,affaires Les avatars d’une législation - Algerie360
Le processus d’élaboration du droit des affaires en Algérie est peu approprié et éloigné des méthodologies universelles.
Lancer une véritable réforme du droit des affaires en Algérie s’avère aujourd’hui indispensable, si on veut booster les investissements dans le pays, synonymes de création de richesses et d’emplois, telle est l’une des principales conclusions du déjeuner-débat, organisé hier à Alger par le think tank “Défendre l’entreprise” de Liberté.
M. Belmihoub a, d’emblée, indiqué qu’à l’occasion de cette nouvelle activité, le think tank “Défendre l’entreprise” lance une réflexion sur la question qui sera couronnée par l’élaboration d’un livre blanc sur le droit des affaires en Algérie. “Le droit des affaires constitue un segment important du climat des affaires”, a-t-il relevé. Le déjeuner-débat s’inscrit dans le cadre de cette initiative.
La motivation semble claire. Trop d’incohérences dans le corpus de textes, “déliquescence du droit des affaires en Algérie”, ont été relevées au cours de cette rencontre. Dans sa communication intitulée : “Le droit des affaires en Algérie, quelle configuration ? Essai de décryptage”, Yakout Akroune, l’une des meilleures spécialistes du domaine en Algérie, a planté le décor. Elle a esquissé un diagnostic sans complaisance du droit des affaires dans le pays.
Subissant trop de modifications, le droit des affaires en Algérie se caractérise par son instabilité et parfois par son manque de lisibilité. Souvent, ses dispositions ne sont pas appliquées. En un mot, il fournit des arguments aux institutions internationales de notation pour qualifier le droit des affaires en Algérie de climat peu sécurisant sur le plan juridique et peu propice au développement de l’entreprise privée, à l’investissement.
Comment est produit le droit des affaires en Algérie ? Respecte-t-il les méthodologies universelles ? Est-il réfléchi, concerté ?
Le processus d’élaboration du droit des affaires en Algérie est peu approprié. Il est éloigné des méthodologies universelles, donnant aux textes une qualité relative, soutient Yakout Akroune. “La bonne rédaction de la loi n’est rédigée dans aucune université algérienne”, ajoute-t-elle.
Plus précisément, le processus d’élaboration du droit des affaires en Algérie est centralisé. De 2007 à 2011, on a enregistré l’élaboration de 56 lois dont 17 ordonnances (12% du travail législatif en dehors du Parlement). En 2010, 13 lois ont été votées : 5 sont des lois d’approbation d’ordonnance, 4 lois de fond et 4 lois qui correspondent à des modifications de textes. Ces changements récurrents de textes dénotent une absence de maturation. L’oratrice enregistre également que 700 règlements se répartissent entre décrets présidentiels et décrets exécutifs. Conclusion : le Parlement n’a quasiment pas l’initiative des lois en Algérie.
Autre trait : un déséquilibre flagrant en faveur de l’Exécutif dans l’élaboration du droit des affaires. En particulier, les textes de loi renvoient à des textes d’application. Par exemple, la loi sur la promotion de la PME renvoie à 12 textes d’application, le décret présidentiel sur les marchés publics à 24 textes d’application. Il s’agit véritablement d’un détournement de compétences en faveur de l’Exécutif, observe l’oratrice. Ces textes ne sont pas, du reste, soumis à une réflexion suffisante, à une concertation. Le cas le plus frappant est celui du crédit documentaire comme seul moyen de paiement des importations. Aucune étude d’impact social ou économique d’une telle décision transposée en loi n’a été effectuée. Cette mesure, qui a pénalisé une multitude de PME, a finalement été supprimée.
Une telle spirale de changements désarçonne l’investisseur, relève Yakout Akroune. Elle note une absence de tradition de recours à l’expertise, une absence de planification dans l’élaboration du droit des affaires en Algérie.
Le législateur intervient de manière sporadique, par à-coup, en l’absence d’une vision globale.
Résultat : on est en face d’un droit des affaires sans cohérence globale. Du coup, il arrive que des textes se contredisent. L’oratrice cite l’exemple de l’hypothèque et du nantissement du fonds de commerce. Il faut solliciter 30 textes pour mettre en place l’hypothèque, le code civil exige le titre de propriété, la loi d’orientation foncière, elle, le certificat de possession. Pour le nantissement de fonds de commerce, le code de commerce impose le recours à l’acte notarié, la loi sur la monnaie et le crédit exige le sous seing privé (signature privée). Elle pointe du doigt l’instabilté du cadre juridique des affaires.
En particulier, le cycle de vie de certains textes s’avère très court. De 1967 à 2010, on a enregistré 6 codes de marchés publics. Elle relève la parution tardive des textes d’application. Elle cite le cas du Conseil de la concurrence. Le texte d’application est promulgué huit ans après la promulgation de l’ordonnance 03-03 ! Le droit des affaires nécessite une magistrature courageuse, forte qui applique la loi. Or, en Algérie, la magistrature est une magistrature pusillanime, manquant d’expertise.
Le droit des affaires doit répondre aux besoins des entreprises. Or, elle constate en particulier une plage de vides juridiques dans le droit des groupes.
Omar Ramdane :
“Les entrepreneurs sont aspirés vers l’informel et la corruption”
Parmi ses conclusions, on peut souligner que le droit des sociétés fortement réglementé entrave la fluidité des affaires, le droit de la concurrence est à réanimer. De surcroît, l’accès au foncier est semé d’embûches. S’y ajoutent des mécanismes de contrôle des activités commerciales inefficients, d’où l’ascension de l’informel. Elle note que le droit des entreprises en difficulté ignore le sauvetage efficace. “Nous n’avons pas la culture de sauvetage des entreprises en difficulté. Conséquence : le taux de mortalité est assez important au niveau des PME”, a-t-elle argué.
Au cours du débat, Omar Ramdane, le président d’honneur du Forum des chefs d’entreprise, a affirmé que les opérateurs travaillaient dans un climat d’affaires meilleur dans les années 70, c’est-à-dire à l’ère socialiste que celui d’aujourd’hui. Ce qui a fort étonné l’auditoire. Traduire : le climat des affaires en Algérie est très contraignant pour les opérateurs. “Les entreprises, qui veulent travailler dans la transparence, dans le formel, sont aspirées vers l’informel et la corruption”, a-t-il ajouté.
Comment en est-on arrivé à cette situation ? à la nature politique du régime ? L’ état de guerre dans les années 90 ? Au passage d’une économie dirigée à une économie libérale ? Au poids de l’administration ? La réponse est multifactorielle, soutient Yakout Akroune : problème de gouvernance, pressions internationales, passage précipité à l’économie de marché…
Bouzidi : “L’Algérie est en transition depuis 30 ans”
Quant au professeur Bouzidi, membre du think tank, il a pointé du doigt le caractère rentier de notre économie. En un mot, nos gouvernants obéissent à la logique de rente.
“L’Algérie est en transition depuis trente ans, depuis en fait la mort de Boumediene. On assiste aujourd’hui à un combat entre les anciens et les nouveaux. Les anciens sont les rentiers, les nouveaux sont les investisseurs. Les rentiers sont dans l’incapacité de passer le flambeau. Notre état est rentier. Il bloque l’évolution vers une économie compétitive (par, entre autres, un droit des affaires incohérent, aux multiples dysfonctionnements). Producteur de ce droit des affaires, il est un instrument de blocage de la transition”, explique-t-il.
Lamiri : “L’Algérie est structurée pour rester un pays sous-développé”
Albdelhak Lamiri, autre membre du think tank, pose lui, un problème d’organisation. “Nous sommes structurés pour rester un pays sous-développé. Nous ne sommes pas organisés pour créer un grand nombre d’entreprises. Nous avons plus de 400 000 petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) alors que nous devrions avoir 1,5 million de PME. Nous créons 70 PME pour 100 000 habitants par an alors que des pays à niveau de développement similaire en créent plus de 350”.
Mais comment faire avancer les choses, améliorer ce droit des affaires ? Abrous Outoudert, le directeur du quotidien Liberté, plaide pour un plus grand engagement des entrepreneurs en ce sens, le représentant du groupe privé Benamor pour une défense des entreprises en rangs groupés.
Tandis que l’économiste Bouzidi souligne que le livre blanc sur le droit des affaires en Algérie qui sera présenté fin décembre par le think tank “Défendre l’entreprise” aux opérateurs et aux pouvoirs publics pourrait contribuer à réformer un tel dispositif institutionnel.