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Une rupture décisive dans l’histoire du nationalisme : L’option de la lutte armée - Algerie360
Les vingt-deux qui se prononcent, lors de la rencontre historique du 23 juin 1954, en faveur du recours à la lutte armée, savent initier une rupture décisive dans l’histoire du nationalisme et aussi dans le cours de l’histoire coloniale.
La tentation peut exister de fonder ce choix dans une manière de filiation avec les résistances armées qui, du XIXe au début du XXe siècle, avaient marqué le refus algérien du fait accompli colonial. Cette lecture téléologique brouillerait notamment le changement de socle social des résistances algériennes et, plus particulièrement, le passage de confrontations armées rurales, communautaires à des confrontations politiques plus urbaines.
Le courant indépendantiste, porté sur les fonds baptismaux par le milieu ouvrier algérien, au cœur des années 1920, empruntera alors les modes accrédités de l’action politique – organisation partisane, meetings, presse militante – et élargira le champ ouvert dès 1891, par les notables constantinois, par leur réponse publique à la commission d’enquête sénatoriale initiée par Jules Ferry.
Les années 1930 avec la montée en puissance de la Fédération des élus indigènes, la création de l’association des Oulémas musulmans algériens, la création du Parti communiste algérien – dont l’organisation du «congrès musulman» en 1936 est l’illustration – consacreront les registres politiques de confrontations/négociations avec l’ordre colonial. Le courant indépendantiste subissait, une fois de plus, les foudres de l’interdiction coloniale et le Parti du peuple algérien (PPA) fondé en mars 1937 sera tôt contraint à la clandestinité.
En l’absence de Messali Hadj, emprisonné puis déporté au Congo, le PPA de plus en plus enraciné dans la société algérienne développe une culture politique ordonnée par les contraintes de la clandestinité et contribue à l’émergence progressive d’une nouvelle génération militante pour qui la question du recours aux armes – et éventuellement à une stratégie d’alliance – contre le pouvoir français avait sa légitimité comme ce fut le cas du Comité algérien révolutionnaire de la nation algérienne (Carna).
L’affaire du CARNA
Issus des rangs du PPA, ce groupe de militants était effectivement entré en contact avec les services allemands par le biais de l’ambassade du Reich et envisageait explicitement le recours à la lutte armée. Le Carna avait été désavoué par Messali Hadj mais la tentative portait bien en elle l’option d’une confrontation armée avec l’ordre colonial.
Au-delà même de la sauvage répression des manifestations pacifiques initiées le 8 mai 1945 par les AML – qui allait être au principe de la légitimation de la lutte armée pour les militants du courant indépendantiste -, l’affaire de l’ordre et du contre-ordre d’un début d’insurrection, en Grande-Kabylie notamment, réactive clairement l’option d’une résistance armée.
Messali Hadj, en résidence surveillée à la Bouzareah, en 1946, défendra l’option d’une participation du Parti à une vie politique légale et aux élections et c’est ce que consacrera la création du MTLD, Mouvement pour le triomphe des libertés démocratiques. Le congrès de février 1947 sera ainsi celui de tous les compromis. Le MTLD serait la vitrine légale d’un PPA toujours clandestin et le recours à la lutte armée, officiellement adoubé par la mise en place de «l’Organisation Spéciale» (OS), chargée de la préparation militaire de militants.
L’Organisation spéciale
Il est un fait que l’option du recours aux armes contre la domination coloniale n’est pas un surgissement conjoncturel et qu’elle avait été, d’une manière ou d’une autre, intégrée à la culture militante des indépendantistes. Le PPA/MTLD fut donc le seul mouvement politique qui, d’une part, faisait de l’indépendance l’objectif éminent de son action et, d’autre part, n’écartait pas l’idée d’une lutte armée à cette fin. Au lendemain du second conflit mondial, il s’était ainsi trouvé des militants – comme Issami, parrain notamment de Ben M’Hidi au sein de l’OS – qui travaillaient à rassembler et à cacher des armes.
Sur fond de crise politique majeure au sein du PPA/MTLD au début des années 1950 – à laquelle le démantèlement de l’Organisation spéciale de 1950 allait servir d’accélérateur -, le processus de scission entre messalistes et Centralistes n’avait pu être enrayé par l’entreprise du Crua, Comité révolutionnaire pour l’unité et l’action, de mars 1954, dont l’enseigne avait été l’unité des rangs au sein du Parti, mais aussi l’appel à l’action.
Laquelle ? L’identification ambivalente des animateurs du Crua peut être prise en compte. «Neutralistes» en ce qu’ils ne se ralliaient à aucune des parties de la crise mais aussi «activistes» avec un certain halo de mystère sur la nature de l’activisme.
La Lutte armée des messalistes aux centralistes
De fait, est-ce bien le passage à un autre mode d’action que renvoyait la tentative du Crua, et le congrès d’Hornu des messalistes de juillet 1954 ne s’y trompait pas qui inscrivait clairement l’option de la lutte armée à ses débats. La question de quand déclencher des actions armées avait primé sur celles de savoir sous quelles formes et avec quels moyens. Le contexte, le degré de préparation, entre autres, hypothéquèrent l’engagement messaliste qui furent pris de court par le 1er Novembre. Il est établi que les initiateurs de l’insurrection avaient engagé plusieurs démarches auprès de Messali pour l’informer et solliciter son parrainage à l’entreprise envisagée. Sans succès.
Le congrès centraliste de Belcourt d’août 1954 pouvait difficilement récuser l’option à une résistance armée et l’affaire fut rondement menée sous la forme d’une habile recommandation signée M’hamed Yazid, qui pouvait donner à penser que les centralistes l’inscrivaient à leur agenda. Ainsi donc, l’option de la lutte armée formellement décidée par les «vingt-deux» au Clos Salembier, en juin 1954, était, d’une certaine manière, dans l’air du temps et, en tout état de cause, à l’agenda du courant indépendantiste.
Cela n’en marque que plus nettement le mérite des initiateurs de l’insurrection du 1er Novembre 1954 pour leurs capacités à organiser et à maintenir un strict secret sur les opérations envisagées en dépit des contraintes de la clandestinité et des surveillances policières.
En décembre 1954, Messali Hadj formalise la création du MNA (Mouvement national algérien) et donne son aval à l’action armée qui devait tourner à une tragique guerre fratricide.
A. M.