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Vésicule biliaire : fonction, maladies et traitements expliqués simplement
Le système digestif humain se compose de deux parties : les organes du tube digestif et les organes digestifs auxiliaires. La bouche, l’œsophage, l’estomac, l’intestin grêle, le gros intestin et l’anus, appelés canal digestif, sont des structures importantes responsables de la plupart des fonctions digestives.
Afin de digérer mécaniquement et chimiquement les aliments, d’absorber les aliments digérés dans l’intestin grêle, d’obtenir les calories nécessaires aux cellules et d’expulser les déchets, les organes du tube digestif et les structures auxiliaires de la digestion (foie, pancréas, vésicule biliaire), doivent travailler ensemble et correctement.
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La vésicule biliaire , ce petit organe en forme de poire situé sous le foie, joue un rôle crucial dans notre système digestif . Bien que souvent méconnue, elle intervient dans la digestion des graisses, facilite leur absorption par l’intestin et protège notre organisme contre les effets néfastes de certains acides biliaires.
Anatomie et fonction de la vésicule biliaire La vésicule biliaire est connectée au foie par un réseau de canaux biliaires. Son rôle principal est de stocker et de concentrer la bile produite par le foie. La bile est un liquide qui se compose principalement de cholestérol , de bilirubine et de sels biliaires. Il joue un rôle crucial dans la digestion des graisses alimentaires.
Lorsque nous mangeons, la vésicule biliaire se contracte pour libérer la bile concentrée dans le duodénum, la première partie de l’intestin grêle. Là, la bile émulsifie les graisses pour faciliter leur absorption par l’organisme. Après un repas, la vésicule biliaire se vide et se remplit à nouveau de bile pour le prochain repas.
Au-delà de sa fonction digestive, la vésicule biliaire joue un rôle essentiel de protection pour l’organisme . En stockant les acides biliaires primaires produits par le foie, elle limite la formation d’acides biliaires secondaires qui sont toxiques pour le foie, l’estomac, la vésicule biliaire et le côlon.
Ainsi, la vésicule biliaire protège ces organes des effets néfastes des acides biliaires hydrophobes et toxiques. Elle joue également un rôle dans la régulation du taux de cholestérol dans le sang.
Les maladies de la vésicule biliaire : une question de calculs La principale maladie liée à la vésicule biliaire est la formation de calculs biliaires . Ces petits cristaux, souvent composés de cholestérol, peuvent obstruer les canaux biliaires et provoquer de vives douleurs.
Les causes exactes de la formation de calculs ne sont pas entièrement élucidées, mais certains facteurs de risque sont connus : l’âge, le sexe (les femmes sont plus touchées), l’obésité, le diabète, certains médicaments, etc.
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Les autres maladies de la vésicule biliaire incluent :
La cholécystite : inflammation aiguë ou chronique de la vésicule biliaire, souvent causée par des calculs ;
La cholangite : inflammation des canaux biliaires, pouvant s’étendre à la vésicule ;
Les tumeurs bénignes ou malignes de la vésicule biliaire. Dans ce dernier cas, le plus grave, les cellules de ce petit organe subissent des mutations génétiques qui les transforment en cellules cancéreuses. Ces cellules se multiplient de manière incontrôlée, formant une tumeur qui peut envahir les tissus environnants et se propager à d’autres parties du corps.
Les symptômes : comment reconnaître une crise de vésicule ? Les symptômes des maladies de la vésicule biliaire varient selon la pathologie. Toutefois, les plus courants sont :
Des douleurs abdominales intenses : localisées dans le haut du ventre, sur le côté droit, elles peuvent irradier vers le dos ou l’épaule droite.
Des nausées et des vomissements : souvent associés aux douleurs.
Un ictère : un jaunissement de la peau et des yeux, signe d’une obstruction des voies biliaires.
De la fièvre : dans les cas les plus graves, en cas d’infection. Pour diagnostiquer une maladie de la vésicule biliaire, le médecin commencera par un examen clinique et des analyses sanguines. Il pourra ensuite prescrire des examens d’imagerie comme une échographie, un scanner ou une IRM pour visualiser l’organe et les canaux biliaires.
Le traitement : quelles sont les options ? Le traitement dépend du type de maladie et de sa gravité. Pour les calculs biliaires asymptomatiques, une simple surveillance peut suffire. Mais en cas de complications (cholécystite, pancréatite…), une chirurgie d’ablation de la vésicule biliaire (cholécystectomie) est généralement nécessaire.
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Cette intervention, réalisée par cœlioscopie dans la majorité des cas, permet de résoudre les problèmes de manière définitive . Après l’opération, la bile produite par le foie rejoint directement l’intestin grêle sans passer par la vésicule biliaire.
La plupart des patients récupèrent rapidement et n’ont pas de séquelles à long terme. Ils devront cependant éviter les aliments trop gras le temps que l’organisme s’adapte.
Comment prévenir les maladies de la vésicule biliaire Certains facteurs de risque de maladies de la vésicule biliaire ne peuvent pas être modifiés, comme l’âge, le sexe féminin ou les antécédents familiaux. Mais d’autres facteurs liés au mode de vie peuvent être contrôlés :
Maintenir un poids sain et éviter les régimes amaigrissants trop rapides ;
Pratiquer une activité physique régulière ;
Adopter une alimentation équilibrée , pauvre en graisses et riche en fibres ;
Limiter la consommation d’alcool. Enfin, il faut savoir qu’il est tout à fait possible de vivre sans vésicule biliaire . Après l’intervention chirurgicale, la plupart des personnes retrouvent une qualité de vie normale. Le foie continue de produire de la bile. Cependant, certaines personnes peuvent ressentir une légère intolérance aux graisses dans les semaines suivant l’opération.